Antisense Theory Essays - Biology, Genetics, RNA, DNA,

Antisense Theory It is estimated that cancer affects three out of four families in the United States alone the disease and its treatments cause substantial mortality and morbidity, prompting intense interest in cancer prevention. Most available treatments for cancers are non-specific; meaning that they target all rapidly growing cells, both normal and cancerous. Consequences of these treatments include side effects towards the normal cells. In addition, cancer is a genetically unstable disease. Cancer cells can develop drug resistance through repeated rounds of mutation and selection. This may render a particular non-specific chemotherapeutic treatment ineffective so that new drugs must be administered in its place. To remedy this occurrence, current research is focusing on the genetic level to terminate the disease and to avoid the damaging side effects and development of drug resistance. One avenue of research focuses on antisense oligonucleotide to target the oncogenes, or cancer causing genes, in a specific fashion to completely inhibit the expression of the oncogenes. Information necessary to produce proteins in cells is contained in genes. In humans it is contained in the human genome and its collection of more than 100,000 genes. Genes are made up of DNA. The DNA molecule is a ?double helix?. They are made up of Adenine, Thymidine, Guanine and Cytosine and are bound by hydrogen to complementary nucleotides on the other strand. RNA is the DNA intermediary and carries the information necessary for the cell to produce its specific protein. During the transferring on information the DNA strand partly uncoils. The ?sense? strand separates from the ?antisense strand.? Because RNA is translated by the cell it is called the ?sense strand.? The hybridization of an antisense strand to mRNA can interfere with its translation to protein . Antisense oligonucleotide are polymers of nucleic acids, which can vary from 12-25 base pairs in length, and which are sequence specific and bind to the target mRNA or DNA through complementary hydrogen bonding. Antisense theory proposes that oligonucleotide, or oligos, recognize specific sequences of mRNA or DNA and bind to them, thus preventing translation or transcription of a gene. Through the binding of an oligo to an mRNA that translates an essential protein for cancer growth, the action of the protein is terminated because the product, an oncoprotein, is never formed The main advantage of antisense is it offers specificity and point of attack. Traditional drugs are less effective because they are not as specific and only work when the disease causing protein has already been produced. Whereas, antisense drugs are complementary strands of Mrna and bind to specific nucleotides in its Mrna to inhibit production of a disease causing protein. They can bind to multiple areas whereas traditional drugs can only bind at two points of interaction. Another advantage of antisense is that it is less complex, than traditional drugs that target proteins. Proteins are complex molecules whose structure is hard to predict, antisense compound are designed to bind to Mrna whose structures are easy to understand. Experimental results seem to support the antisense theory model. If an antisense oligonucleotide does indeed act in a sequence specific, antisense manner to target a gene that is over expressed in cancer or leukemia cells, gene expression can be inhibited and cell growth can be terminated. The application of this theory offers the potential to halt the growth of cancer cells if the over expressed gene can be targeted. The hopes for the future include studying other cell types for similar effects by targeting different over expressed genes using different antisense oligonucleotide.

Free Essays on Private Versus State Schools

PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND STATE SCHOOLS As we know there are two types of schools in Turkiye by which education is held.One of them is private schools wich are established by a person or a firm where mostly children of the rich are educated. The other is the public schools which government sets up itself and are sen more commonly in TÃ ¼rkiye. When we compare the former with the latter, private schools haave some aspects that are hardly seen in public schools, such as the quality of education, the facilities provided and the high rate of entering a university. Firstly, the teachers who are provided with high salary and some other opportunities are the source of the quality education in private schools. Not encountering any hardship, they concentrate on their work and thus, comes the success.One reason which increases the quality of education in private schools is the perfect relationship berween the teachers and students. Via this structural organization, students in private schools tell any of the problems they face; hence, education rises to degrees which are beyond perfection. Secondly, as success depends not only on education but also on facilities that help students socialize himself and relax, private schools are far ahead from the public equivalents. Sport halls, swimming pools, conference halls, places for recreation enable students to have both a physically and psychologically perfect condition. The third and the most obvious aspect of the private schools is the astounding success ratio in entering universities. By the help of their qualified teachers and the facilities they have, students in private schools will surely be more successful than those graduated from public schools. To conclude. Our country needs more and more private schools because of the quality education which our children need. For this process, the government’s support is intensively needed.Thus, if the government helps the people and the fir... Free Essays on Private Versus State Schools Free Essays on Private Versus State Schools PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND STATE SCHOOLS As we know there are two types of schools in Turkiye by which education is held.One of them is private schools wich are established by a person or a firm where mostly children of the rich are educated. The other is the public schools which government sets up itself and are sen more commonly in TÃ ¼rkiye. When we compare the former with the latter, private schools haave some aspects that are hardly seen in public schools, such as the quality of education, the facilities provided and the high rate of entering a university. Firstly, the teachers who are provided with high salary and some other opportunities are the source of the quality education in private schools. Not encountering any hardship, they concentrate on their work and thus, comes the success.One reason which increases the quality of education in private schools is the perfect relationship berween the teachers and students. Via this structural organization, students in private schools tell any of the problems they face; hence, education rises to degrees which are beyond perfection. Secondly, as success depends not only on education but also on facilities that help students socialize himself and relax, private schools are far ahead from the public equivalents. Sport halls, swimming pools, conference halls, places for recreation enable students to have both a physically and psychologically perfect condition. The third and the most obvious aspect of the private schools is the astounding success ratio in entering universities. By the help of their qualified teachers and the facilities they have, students in private schools will surely be more successful than those graduated from public schools. To conclude. Our country needs more and more private schools because of the quality education which our children need. For this process, the government’s support is intensively needed.Thus, if the government helps the people and the fir...

HSA 530 week 11 DB1 & DB2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HSA 530 week 11 DB1 & DB2 - Coursework Example The knowledge I have gained through reading several literatures has also been key towards molding me to be a future dependable human resource manager. This course entails a lot relevant to the issue of human resource management. The course entails employee relations management, customer relations management, communication management, as well as conflict resolution among other things. Employee relations management is important in achieving the maximum productivity of the employees. A customer relations management is geared towards maintaining the increased levels of consumption of the goods by the customers, thereby influencing the profit maximizations b the organizations. Communication management is important in ensuring effective ways of communicating to different levels of staff, as well as aide in conflict resolution. It is true that initially, we did not have any clue on what the course was all about. However, with time, learning advanced into several stages. This made us gain knowledge on several things that the course entails. As Jasmyne asserts, it is true that our skills have really matured relevant to the readings and knowledge gained from this course. This course has also imparted into us the ability to face challenges with optimism as Jasmyne puts it. This involves broadening our ways of viewing things. This has also prepared us for new endeavors that may come our way as Jasmyne has asserted. I totally agree with Sheila’s post on the speech concerning the contents of this course. Sheila as noted that human resourced was developed to modify the employee relations. This is true since one of the contents of the course entails employee relations management. Moreover, she has also mentioned something concerning the issue of organizational conflict that is also covered in the course. As such, it is within my consideration that Sheila has been right on her opinions concerning some of the contents of the

Immortality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immortality - Essay Example The influence of immortality has had a basis in human society for thousands and thousands of years. Whereas many people will fantasise about the idea that our physical bodies may surpass their lifespan, it is now universally accepted that no one can live forever (in the physical sense); yet the debate as to whether there is some essence, namely the human soul, that 'lives on' after our physical body has passed away continues to fuel much debate. Thousands of years ago the search for the Philosopher's Stone, a red coloured compound which was believed to greatly prolong human life, as well as turn metal into gold (and thus bring wealth as well as long life), became the holy grail of the medieval world. Buddhism in particular places much emphasis on the belief that our 'essence' moves from creature to creature through reincarnation, that we are reborn into a new body each time our physical one dies, and that our actions in the last body determine which new body we are put into. Christia nity, unlike Buddhism believes that our actions in this life determine whether we spend the rest of eternity in Heaven of Hell. There are many people who will then go on to argue that if a person does not go to Heaven or Hell, they will become trapped in Limbo, wandering 'in between' the astral planes. Christian beliefs seem to have derived a lot from the teachings of Plato, be it that the changed Gods to God. The fact that immortality has played such an integral role in society and religion raises many questions. It begs an answer to the question 'what is motivating people to look for things (namely religious beliefs and actual objects, such as the Philosopher's Stone), that will secure their immortality Why do people want to live forever' Moving on from this question then we can ask 'are religious systems and people in powerful positions manipulating people's belief (particularly in the immortality of the soul, and hence the fate of it after death), in immortality to control their actions' A King, for example in medieval England could use the Church as a vehicle for ensuring that all his subjects obey his every order. Yes, it was believed that a King had 'divine right,' but were these 'rights' believed to be from God or were they a creation of the Monarchy, or an age old belief that the monarchy had corrupted The King could easily have, and did, punish heretics, using their deaths as a warning to others that if they too committed heresy their souls would be damned to hell, because an insult to the King is an insult to God himself.It follows from this that I am sceptical of the idea that the soul will ascend or descend to its Christian resting place. Whilst I too humour the idea of the soul, I find myself drawn towards the idea of reincarnation. Perhaps it is my ego, yet as I sit and think, I cannot help but recall the teachings of Hume. He stated that we could never know our 'true self,'1 be that our soul or something else, because all we can ever experience (Hume was a renowned advocate of Empiricism2), is our perceptions. I am aware that I am constantly in a 'perceptive state' (thinking, reasoning, unconsciously or consciously), I cannot see how

Human Computer Interaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Computer Interaction - Essay Example From 1999 to 2010, the Yahoo website linked together a sequence of pages with Back/Next links. The developers created a parent page that links to all of the pages in this sequence, and allowed users to view them either in sequence or out of order. In this regard, the 1999 website was the most basic, and the 2010 version was the most advanced (Barrier 27). It is safe to say that all the Yahoo websites since 1999 to 2010 have been designed to support easy navigation by linking pages (Barrier 29). If a user clicks on a link and wants to go back to the parent page, there is a Back/Next link; if a user has gone back by mistake, for example, he/she can also go to the next page by clicking on the Next link. Visual Framework: From 1999 to 2010, the Yahoo website pages were designed to use the same basic layout, colors and stylistic elements, but give the design enough flexibility to handle varying page content. Going through the different versions, it is clear this aspect of design has been enhanced with time but it was a concept that was in use as early as 1999. When it comes to center stage, all the website versions from 1999 to 2010 put the most important part of the UI into the largest subsection of the page or window; cluster secondary tools and content around it in smaller panels. Context, size, color and headlines were applied in making the most important news and website sections stand out for easy recognition and identification by users. In terms of grid of equals, from 1999 to 2010, content items are arranged in a grid or matrix. Each item follows a common template, and each item’s visual weight is similar. Right/Left alignments are applied to good effect in all the website versions ranging from 1999 to 2010. Bullet points have been used from 1999 to 2010. However, their use was more prominent in earlier versions (1999-2003) than in 2005-2010. A good look would reveal that bulleted points are now used to highlight less important links, as compared to 1 999 when they were conspicuously placed and occupied a large section of the home page. Diagonal balance, collapsible panels, and module taps have been used to very good effect from 1999 to 2010, exemplifying good website design. They were less prominent in earlier versions (1999-2003) when compared to the 2005-2010 versions of the website. List patterns (thumbnail grids and list inlays) have been well designed and applied from 1999 to 2010, although they were less pronounced in the earlier versions (1999-2003). For instance, I looked at the button groups used in the 1999-2003 website versions and it was evident that due to their simple and primitive nature, they cannot be used in the 2010 version. Also, I examined the macros and progress indicators used in the 1999-2003 versions vis- a-vis the 2005-2010 versions. On a head-to-head matchup, the 1999-2003 macros and progress indicators seem even archaic when compared to the ones used in the 2005-2010 versions. This is understandable g iven that time and technological changes are very influential and inevitable. Thumbnail grids, list inlays, diagonal balance, collapsible panels, and module taps that are used in the 1999-2003 versions basically pale when compared to the 2005-2010 versions. These elements should be flexible, adaptable, comprehensive, and relevant as time changes, and although they may have

Adequacy Of Crime Control In The Uk Criminology Essay

Adequacy Of Crime Control In The Uk Criminology Essay Analyse the adequacy(sufficient to satisfied or meet a need) and relevance(relation of something) of the crime control and due process models for understanding criminal justice, with reference to the jurisdiction you are in and/or England and Wales. For discussing this question we should first tell what criminal justice system is and how it does works. A Criminal Justice system is a set of legal and social institutions to ensure the implementation of criminal law with a set course of rules and regulations . The system of criminal justice is directed at controlling and mitigating crimes, punishing the offender and providing safety to the society by the help of the government. Today its one of the major concerns of the general public. Fruitfully criminal justice is a behavior that changes with the change in different aspects of the society and varies with space and time(Black, 1976). A lot of agencies namely the Police, the Crown Prosecution service,judges,juries,lawyers. courts etc. are working together to reform and improve the Criminal Justice System (CJS). The main challenge was that of making the prisons system and the processes of dealing with prisoners more better and efficient .Only to criminal justice process a number of government departments agencies and other departments make contributions which sometimes can be conflicting. Maintaining a level of deterrence in the society that can stop the violation of law by punishing and convicting those who are guilty and deliver justice to the society is the sole purpose of Criminal Justice System. One of the reasons which has made this system more prone to criticism is due to the recent modifications made to it with the amendments made to the areas that are more concerned with the proceedings of these crimes.Every citizen has the right to be safe and is always eager to know that whether the criminal will be brought to justice or not.punishing the offender can increase public faith.CJS also aims at practicing fairness in the system fair treatment to everyone. A few societies have been able to setup criminal justice institutions that practice equality,fairness and openness (Prillaman 2000; Solomon and Foglesong 2000; Ungar 2002). The local criminal justice board led on reducing crime and administering justice on local basis. The crime levels have been increasing, which leaves the subject even more criticized however there exists a mistrust of justice for those who believe that the innocent people are being punished and the guilty people escape. Mostly justice systems that practice secrarcy, brutality and arbitrariness are in a society that is under authoritarian regime (Smykla 1989; McElligott 1994; Shelley 1994; Trevaskes 2004). We will examine how the CJS works and focus on the crime control model and due process model. Its theories and models are are identified following. Due process model: it can be said that the current system in UK is a element of the Due Process Model. The Model looks very much like an obstruction route. Each of its succeeding stages is planned to present frightening impediments to carrying the accused any further along in the course. this was created by the American Commentator Herbert Packer in 1968.the primary social goal of the model is Justice and there is an emphasis on fairness and procedural due Process. Basically the model insists on the avoidance and removal of mistakes to the level possible, a process of evidence gathering and dealing with suspects that are needed to protect the accused. The crime control models primary goal is to control crime and punishment of offenders, focuses on ensuring that the police get the convictions in courts. It emphesises on the responsibility of an individual to protect the citizens of the society that abide by the law by apprehending and punishing the criminals (Pecker,1968), David Bunkett was responding to a journalists question concerning the Prime Ministers speech regarding a move towards Crime Control Centered Criminal Justice System, on BBC News. One of the major and most disturbing problems of the Crime Control Model is the miscarriages of justice The rest of models like the The restorative justice mode, bureaucratic model ,A medical model, social integration and exclusion model and status passage model requires no discussion yet. Here the main models of crime control and due process will be discussed that are considered as two different ideal types of criminal justice.Protection of the innocence and elimination of crimes from the street is the main role of crime control.While comparing both models it should be borne in mind that proponents of both models embrace constitutional values. According to the crime control model repression of criminal conduct should be the vital purpose of the criminal process and that justice should focus on upholding the rights of victims rather than those of the accused. Based on the concept of police fact-finding it treats the alleged criminal as guilty. This therefore, shows a negative mannerism of the crime control model. Now coming towards the latter goal, in the due process model the focal point is the assumption that a person cannot be deprived of his liberty or rights unless the relevant legal procedures and safeguards are adhered to. Those who believe in harsh approaches towards criminal activity may be classed in favor of crime control whereas those against the notion of state intrusions and harassment of the accused tend to value the due process model. There seems erratic swings in crime control in some societies (Rose,2000). On the other hand, the due process model rests upon the principle of legal guilt and the presumption of innocence. After scrutinizing both the models it appears that much depends on the political climate of a country on what model to adopt. It follows that the crime control model mirrors the conservative ideals while the due process thereby reflecting liberal views. During the 1960s the system was manipulated by the policies of the due process. However, when conservatism dominated from the mid 1970s to the early twenty-first century the criminal justice system took the shape of the crime control model.The most important breakdown that is also considered as the failure of law enforcement is bringing criminal conduct under strict control that vanishes an important condition of human freedom. Successful operation of this model must result into a strong rate of apprehension and conviction. Secondly it has to be done in a manner that although the resources are limited still a very large m agnitude can be dealt with.According to Paul Roberts by far the most important function that has to be performed by the criminal process is based on the proposal of forcibly subjugating crime conduct which is the basic of crime control model. A properly criminalized conduct is the dependency of this model. Punishing the guilty and freedom of the innocenct is the aim of both of these models. Here it should also be mentioned as Zander points out that there are so many important current developments affecting criminal justice that it is difficult to keep abreast of them and even more difficult sometimes to be sure whether they are to be welcomed or deplored .A number of miscarriages can be seen in justice that are rapidly increasing. The three great IRA cases are have gathered a lot of interest and highlighted problem of miscarriage of justice. The Guildford four, Derek Bentley, Birmingham six , the Maguire seven, Judith ward and Bridgewater four. In all these cases later Royal commission found them innocent and before that people served long time in prison for wrongly being accused.. The defendants had their convictions quashed by the court of appeal. The structural reforms purposed and accepted by both the May inquiry into the Guildford four and the Runciman commission, which reported in 1993. In case of Birmingham six, where Defendant was beaten up after arrest and forced to confess. Lord Denning held that the police were guilty of perjury; that they were guilty of violence and threats; that the confession was involuntary and improperly admitted in evidence; and that the convictions were erroneous ,Lord Denning held à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that the police were guilty of perjury; that they were guilty of violence and threats; that the confessions were involuntary and improperly admitted in evidence; and that the convictions were erroneousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in the case of Cardiff three, where d was held for murder of a Cardiff prostitute and later the convictions were quashed on the basis of the fact. The Lord Chief justice held that the techniques of interrogation used by the police amounted to an oppression of s.76 of PACE. Case of M62 bombing, where d was convicted of murder and causing an explosion. She did not appeal. Her convictions were quashed. Her personality disorder which rendered her confession unreliable. Tottenham three, d was convicted of murder of a police officer. their appeal was unsuccessful. However Home Secretary referred their case back to CA and their convictions were quashed. And Confait, (which resulted in the royal commission on criminal procedure)the d confessed to a crime that they had actually not committed ,similar problems with confession evidence occurred. the common element which was found in these cases was confession from the suspect and its clearly seen how the police has abuse their powers to arrest the victim bringing them to justice thus taking away the rights of innocent party .one thing we should mention is the Royal commission on criminal justice which was set up by the Home Secretary on the day when Birmingham six was released. It was served by the Lord Runciman and its report was published in 1993.the reason was to examine the reality of the criminal justice system. The report was for securing the convictions of the guilty, which contained disclose of evidence by prosecution and defense and unsupported confession evidence.

Wedding Toast - Best Man Essay -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Wedding Speech – Best Man Hello my name’s Paul and I’m Martin’s best man, although I’m sure Martin will have a new name for me by the time I’ve finished this. When Martin asked me to be his best man I was initially thrilled at the prospect. Unfortunately it didn't take long for this feeling of well being to dissolve into utter apprehension as I remembered the last time I had to stand up in a room full of people†¦.. I was found guilty and fined $300. I went to a wedding two weeks ago that was held in a nudist colony. Apparently I was just half an inch away from being the best man there too. By the way, if anyone is running a book on the length of this speech could I put $5 on it lasting 12 minutes please? Martin Firstly I’d like to congratulate Martin on his speech. I'm particularly impressed with the fact that you all paid attention and followed his instructions not to laugh. I’m also impressed that Martin followed my instructions to dress smartly today, although I am a bit disappointed he decided to copy my outfit. I have known Martin for over 10 long long years now. When I first met him in college he was loud, aggressive, rude, abusive and swore a lot, but just look at the man he’s become now†¦..nothing has changed. Whilst at college we discovered a local nightclub called Winkers. I would regularly witness Martin’s unique, raw, undiscovered style of dancing in Winkers that left the women speechl... ...any more happy years of friendship. On behalf of all of us in this room I would also like to take this opportunity to thank Pete and Sue Foster for the wonderful hospitality they have shown today. Martin would also like to thank Pete and Sue, in advance, for how well they’re going to treat him in the future. I’d also like to thank the bridesmaids and ushers today for their invaluable contribution to the wedding, I’m sure you’ll all agree with me that they all look wonderful. So, finally (get a glass in your hand): Here's to love, laughter And happily ever after. As Martin and Anne start their new life Please stand and toast the new husband and wife Ladies and gentlemen†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the Bride and Groom