To what extent do we feel sympathy towards the character of Heathcliff?

Heathcliff through out ‘Wuthering Heights' is a very secluded character. He is introduced as a seven-year-old orphan, probably an Irish famine immigrant. Mr. Earnshaw brings him back to Wuthering Heights. His story, in the words of Nelly Dean, is a â€Å"cuckoo's story†, his presence in Wuthering Heights overthrows the rightful role of the rightful heir, Hareton. The reader's sympathies towards Heathcliff change at different stages, at one point feeling angry with Heathcliff for being so cruel, and then the next feeling sympathetic for his treatment. This talent of Bronte's keeps the reader undecided on Heathcliff, even at the end of the novel the argument exists on whether we as the reader do and should feel sympathy towards Heathcliff. Even on the first night of Heathcliff's arrival he caused jealousy and resentment. He being the reason that Mr. Earnshaw breaks the toys that he has brought for the children. Nelly recorded ‘From the very beginning he bred bad feelings in the house'. Heathcliff usurps the affections of Mr. Earnshaw to the exclusion of Hindley-: ‘The young master had learnt to regard his father as an oppressor rather than a friend. However, just because Hindley is jealous and striving for attention this does not mean it was Heathcliff's fault that Mr. Earnshaw felt favour towards him. In another incident Mr. Earnshaw gives both Hindley and Heathcliff a colt. When Heathcliff' colt goes lame he threatens to blackmail Hindley if he does not swap with him. He then vows ‘I'm trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back,' he continues ‘I don't care how long I have to wait, if only I can do it at last. I hope he will not die before I do! ‘. From the beginning Heathcliff has interrupted a calm family and turned affections upside down, although Hindley is not completely welcoming to Heathcliff the reader can understand him being threatened by a stranger. However, Heathcliff is an innocent child just an orphan. He is viewed as a thing rather than a child; Mrs. Earnshaw was ready to fling it out of doors, he is described as ‘a dirty, ragged, black haired child;' Nelly even claims ‘I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it might be gone on the morrow. ‘ Following the death of Mr. Earnshaw Heathcliff is abandoned to him suffering at the hands of Hindley, this arouses in Heathcliff deep hatred and passion for revenge. Heathcliff is deprived of love, a social life and education; according to Nelly this treatment was ‘enough to make a fiend of a saint. ‘ He is separated from the family, reduced to the status of a servant, forced to become a farmhand, undergoes regular beatings and separated from his one love, Catherine. The personality that Heathcliff develops in adulthood is a result to the deprivation of his childhood. On the other hand Heathcliff becomes consumed with revenge. He never forgets an injury sustained on him at Wuthering Heights, after a three-year absence, this impulse for revenge becomes his overpowering passion. He ruins Hindley by encouraging excessive drinking and gambling, after this he turns his attention to the innocent Hareton; – ‘We'll see if one tree won't grow as crooked as another with the same wind to twist. ‘ Heathcliff intends to achieve revenge on Hindley through his son Hareton by treating the boy in the same way he was treated. Heathcliff even states ‘ I've got him faster than his scoundrel of a father had me, and lower,' However even though Hareton is brought up as a ploughboy and treated worse than Heathcliff he does not turn to revenge, he has innate goodness. ‘the trees do not ‘bend as crooked as one another' even though they ‘have the same wind to shape it'. So even though it could be argued the audience cannot blame Heathcliff for wanting to seek revenge, Hareton learns to manage. The excuse of revenge is not good enough, as this could not be acceptable for everyone doing this. Heathcliff becomes consumed in regret against Edgar Linton, who in his eyes has stolen his Catherine from him. He devises a plan to seek revenge on Edgar. When doing so Heathcliff feels no remorse for the fact he uses Edgar's sister Isabella to his advantage and even torturing her. After marrying Isabella she writes in a letter ‘Is Mr. Heathcliff a man? ‘ ‘If so he is mad? And if not he is a devil? ‘ This being a common feature of Gothic novels, the presentation of the plot through multiple narrators, another being Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, one novel within many stories. The book ‘The Rise of the Gothic Novel' criticises this claiming, ‘†¦ haracters and devices being recycled from one text to the next. ‘ However, in argument to this using different types of narration such as letters or diaries enhances the different viewpoints and experiences of every character, a feature in another successful Gothic Novel ‘Dracula'. Heathcliff goes on to destroy Isabella; she is just a pawn in his game. Heathcliff even admits what he has done and showing no regret. ‘I don't care who knows that the passion was wholly on one side; and I never told her a lie about it. She cannot accuse me of showing one bit of deceitful softness. The first thing she saw me do, on coming out of the Grange, was to hang up her little dog; and when she pleaded for it, the first words I uttered were a wish that I had the hanging of every being belonging to her. ‘ The way he treats Isabella is of great enjoyment for him. ‘The more the worms writhe, the more I yearn to crush the entrails. ‘ This is very graphic for someone who is innocent; he finds it thrilling seeing Isabella in despair. He takes a young and impressionable girl who does not understand and then marries her and taking her away from her home and family to a very secluded and depressing way of life. In objection to this idea perhaps Isabella is not very innocent. She is warned of Heathcliff by Cathy and what he wants her for. ‘he'd crush you, like a sparrow's egg, Isabella ,' This example that Cathy gives could be related to the lapwings that Heathcliff keeps and ends starving to death waiting for Cathy to come back to him, perhaps Isabella will be another lapwing, being trapped in Wuthering Heights. Also Cathy tells ‘I know he could not love a Linton; and yet he'd be quite capable for your fortunes and expectations,' So Isabella was warned but carried on with the infatuation regardless. In argument to this Heathcliff does go to the dramatic and violent extent of turning ‘her blue eyes black' when beating Isabella. One reason for this act on Heathcliff's behalf is because of the way he is treated by the Linton's and the alienation from the life of the Grange. He is reminded of his lesser status when Catherine is welcomed into the Linton household where as he is rejected, made fun of and alienated. His love Cathy has been changed and transformed by the Grange. ‘Why, how very black and grim you look! and how-how funny and grim! But that's because I'm used to Edgar and Isabella Linton. Heathcliff has to cope with the dramatic change of his wild and passionate love, returning and finding him funny compared to her new high class associates. When Catherine marries Edgar this is the breaking point for Heathcliff, he cannot bear to live near them. He then disappears for three years. After over hearing a conversation between Nelly and Cathy where she explains that she cannot marry Heathcliff because of his low status. This leads Heathcliff to believe if he can become a gentleman with wealth he would be acceptable. However this is not the case. To become an important figure at this time the status symbol was property. This is what becomes very important to Heathcliff later, when he tries to marry into the Linton family, to have Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. When he returns with wealth he is still seen as a lower class. On his return Edgar remarks, ‘What, the gypsy- the ploughboy? ‘ This is a typical view of Heathcliff that cannot be changed by wealth. The reader feels very sympathetic for Heathcliff at this point as he was even prepared to change his wild ways and become a sophisticated man for the love of Cathy. Heathcliff then uses Linton to try and gain property. He has no fatherly feelings but is just using his son. His main consideration lies in calculating whether Linton lives long enough to marry Cathy so acquiring Thrushcross Grange-; ‘We calculate it will scarcely last 'till it's eighteen. ‘ Once the marriage has taken place, Linton's life is seen as worthless to Heathcliff-; ‘His life is not worth a farthing, and I won't spend a farthing on him. ‘ Linton like Isabella has just become a pawn in Heathcliff's revengeful game, sympathy is lost for Heathcliff when he can treat others like this. He continues this abuse of Linton when calling his mother a ‘slut' in his presence. A great reason for the reader to feel contempt towards Heathcliff would be his treatment of Cathy. He blames her for Catherine's death, ‘He cursed you, I dare say, for coming into the world (I did, at least. )' He continues to treat Cathy horrifically. He wants to marry Linton to Cathy so arranges for him to meet her and beg her to accompany him to Wuthering Heights by telling her he is scared of Heathcliff. With streaming face and an expression of agony, Linton had thrown his nerveless frame along the ground; he seemed convulsed with exquisite terror. ‘ When Cathy does accompany her cousin Heathcliff imprisons Cathy with Nelly. ‘He shut and locked it also. ‘ Referring to the kitchen door. Cathy then struggles with him for the key, Heathcliff loses his temper and ‘pulling her on his knee, administered, with the other, a shower of terrific slaps on both sides of the head, sufficient to have fulfilled his threat, had she been able to fall. Even though this is the daughter of the woman he claims to live for, he has no compassion for her because she is a Linton, a very selfish attitude to an innocent sixteen-year old. Cathy even begs for her release to be with her dying father, ‘If Papa thought I had left him, on purpose; and if he died before I returned, could I bear to live? ‘ even after pleading to him, Heathcliff continues to keep her prisoner until the next morning. There is however another side of the character of Heathcliff. At no point in the novel can the reader doubt his eternal love and wild passion for Catherine. His love survives her rejection of him-; ‘It would degrade me to marry Mr. Heathcliff' and despite her marriage to Edgar, Heathcliff's love for continues undaunted. Heathcliff suffers much emotional rejection, but at no point does he waiver in his loyalty to her-; ‘I seek no revenge on you†¦ the tyrant grinds down his slaves and they don't turn against him, they crush those beneath them. ‘ His genuine concern for Catherine prevents him from exacting direct revenge from Edgar. He comments to Catherine-; ‘I would have died by witches before I would have touched a single hair of his head. When hearing of Catherine's illness, he exclaims-; ‘Existence after loosing her would be hell. ‘ Even though she has another husband and left him for the sophistication of Thrushcross Grange he could still not bear to live with out her in his world. Catherine also torments Heathcliff even in death, although her spirit remains Heathcliff's ability to love life is gone. As his own death approaches, he confesses to Nelly the extent of Catherine's hold over him, even though she has been dead eighteen years. ‘I cannot look down into the floor, her features are shaped in the flags†¦ n every cloud, in every tree. ‘ He is angry at the fact that Catherine can abandon him in a world without her he feels no love, ‘Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy?.. you love me, what right do you have to leave me? ‘ The sense of despair Heathcliff feels as a tormented unnatural and hopeless existence, ‘I cannot live without my love, I cannot live without my soul. ‘ He and Cathy are one, they are the natural existence of the Moors, and neither can survive without the other or the natural environment they require to live. This wild and arid landscape for the setting of Heathcliff's and Cathy's love being due to the upbringing of Emily Bronte. Charlotte, Emily and Anne grew up in Haworth Parsonage, an area of Pennine upland in West Yorkshire. This gives reason for the wild and rugged landscape in ‘Wuthering Heights', as this is where Emily grew up and was all that she knew. Nelly later describes Heathcliff's grieving as ‘he howled not like a man, but like a savage beast being goaded to death with knives and spears. Heathcliff feels he belongs with Cathy in both body and spirit and arranges with the Sexton to be buried beside her. Life for him is ‘like bending back a stiff spring'. This typical natural imagery is used through out this book describing the passionate and wild love of Catherine and Heathcliff. Perhaps the key quote of this variety being, ‘my love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath†¦ Nelly I am Heathcliff -he's always in my mind-‘. These tw o characters echo constantly comments of their love for each other. However, Heathcliff is obsessed in Catherine, he should not punish innocent characters for the bitterness he feels for being abandoned by Catherine. Perhaps it could be argued that he is unrealistic about his love for Catherine. It is incestuous, and would be harshly looked upon in terms of class. It could be viewed that Catherine was just realistic that the relationship would be illegitimate. When discussing this with Nelly she asks ‘did it never strike you that, if Heathcliff and I married, we would be beggars? Or perhaps if Catherine loves Heathcliff as much as she claims, social status would not make a difference to her, especially as their love is so wild and un- tamed. According to an article in the ‘Scots Magazine' of June 1797 this is a common fault found in gothic love stories. ‘women in these novels tend to form an attachment to persons unworthy of their affection, and thus to hurry them into marriages terminating in their unhappiness. ‘ This theme o f social powerlessness and females not being able to inherit was felt very strongly for Emily, Charlotte and Anne Bronte. They would not be married, as this would rob them of their personal and property rights. Branwell, their brother would inherit everything their was even though he wasted all his and the family's money on drink, drugs and gambling. (Perhaps a refection of him in the character Hindley. ) This injustice can be noted in many of the sister's texts, highlighting their objection to this social rule. Charlotte in ‘Jayne Eyre' and ‘Vilette' discusses the unattractive opportunity of a female trying to make a living through education, as does Anne in ‘Agnes Grey'. This being of a Marxist Feminist approach. Women being dominated and oppressed through property and wealth. Fran Ansley and Margaret Benston, two Marxist feminists agree that through the power that men had at this time, women had no power or no other ways to be successful other then to be married. However the haunting and gothic image of Heathcliff the reader is left with, of his death, does not cause sympathy. ‘Those deep black eyes! That smile and ghastly paleness! It appeared to me not Mr Heathcliff, but a goblin;' This is a typical gothic description, darkness and pale skin, a haunting vampire like description. Also, eyes through out this novel are often described. Eyes are seen as windows into the soul, this is supported by Dorothy Van Ghent who has ‘famously argued the various windows and barriers serve both to separate and connect polar opposites: inside and outside; human and ghost. ‘ Also, this could apply to different eyes for the Earnshaw's, ‘the Earnshaw's handsome dark eyes' and Linton's. ‘vacant blue eyes of the Linton's'. Heathcliff being described as a ‘typical Gothic Protagonist' means the reader must feel sympathy towards him, as this is a critical ingredient. He is dark, demonic, mysterious and cruel, with his dwelling of Wuthering Heights echoing his personality. He has a mysterious past, often compared to a demonic figure, ‘lying fiend', with typical dark hair, eyes and features. The final quality needed being in spite of his cruelty and destructiveness, he generates a degree of sympathy. After never being taught love, being abused and losing his loved ones, Catherine and Mr. Earnshaw, who the only people to ever show him affection it could be claimed that Heathcliff could not be blamed for the way he was. The passionate and violent environment shaped him into the fiend that he was. However, this can only be an explanation to a certain extent. When Heathcliff returns after his three-year absence he has become a super-human villain driven by revenge. This later Heathcliff is callous with incapacity to love and eventually being consumed with hatred and revenge. In summing up every individual reader will decide on his or her own opinion of Heathcliff, the argument is so balanced it is impossible to judge. Perhaps he is innocent and tortured of love out of his control, but the argument then falls onto the innocent characters such as Isabella and Cathy. Emily Bronte manages with great complexity to keep the compassion of the reader up and down. She manages to transform Heathcliff from a villain to a victim in a chapter, which keeps the character alive; otherwise he may have come across as desperate and then monotonous. Heathcliff is a character of depth and complexity and cannot be judged, therefore the sympathy of the reader varies so much.

Generic devolopment proces

The work undertaken so far has proven that the development of a process map is gaining momentum within the construction industry as a whole. The Lethal inspired CRISP (Construction Research and Innovation Strategy Panel) community has in principle adopted the Process Protocol as a basis for its activities in terms of promoting process thinking in the construction industry. 2. Introduction The need for improvement to the conventional design and construction process in the construction industry is well reported. Emerson (1962), Bankable (1964), and Lethal (1994) have all commented upon the need for change, and each highlight similar problem areas.Fundamentally, the need for improvement is related to the poor performance commonly associated with building projects. Typically, this performance is measured in terms of cost, time and/or quality. Unfortunately, it is the UK Construction Industry response to the need for change that has perpetuated and even perhaps fostered this problem. For example, Franks (1990) and Master (1992) presented the evolution of the range of procurement systems currently on offer to potential construction project clients as driven ultimately by the ‘product' view, and the need to optimism cost, time and quality. Yet, whilst many of the more recent approaches to construction procurement (I. E.Design and Build, Construction Management) apparently attempt to address ‘process issues', such as communication, in reality they fundamentally fail. In a survey conducted by Hubbard & Disbarred (1996), a sample of 64 respondents (representing both clients and consultants) demonstrated that contract time performance was a factor considered to be relatively insignificant, when compared to there problems commonly associated with construction projects as shown in table 2. 1. Furthermore, Mortgaged & Shari (1996) reported that from a total of 21 5 projects surveyed, 136 (63%) were delivered later than expected â€Å"†¦ In terms of the date s fixed by the contract or the dates given to the client for completion. † No. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Variables Changing requirements Design team Communication Cost control Identification of responsibility Supply of information Quality Design faults Contract time performance Other factors Type of contract Percentage 25 18 6. 3 4. 7 3. 1 1. 6 Table 2. : Ranking of problems with current procurement methods (Hubbard & Disbarred, 1996) Mortgaged & Shari (1996) go on to suggest that it is the ‘expectation' rather than the delivery which is at fault. The conventional process of generating an ‘expected' delivery date is considered the reason for this: â€Å"In some cases commercial, economic or political considerations can be a driver towards setting these unrealistic goals which become expectations and contract dates for lack of informed and unbiased advice.Consequently, construction performance falls short of expectations which were largely unachievable when they ere establ ished. † A number of lessons can be learned from the manufacturing sector with regards to the implementation and practical use of a ‘process view within the construction industry. The area within the manufacturing sector that relates closely to construction and building works is called new product development (NYPD). It concentrates in the development of an idea, need or client requirement to the final commercialism's of the product e. G. A building or a car. A number of similarities can be found between the two industries with regards to the activities used for developing new products.For example they include: ; The start of a project can be initiated internally or by direct and/or indirect contact with the customers ; The development of the product requires the participation of a number of specialists and functions such as: designers, surveyors, marketing, stress analysts etc. ; The successful construction or manufacture of a building or product can only be achieved if all external (suppliers and consultants) and internal resources are utilizes and co- ordinate effectively ; The building or product is handed over to the customer/client and provisions are made for future support. However there are a number of distinct differences, the most important of which is that in the manufacturing industry all NYPD activities are co-ordinate, managed and controlled using a common framework which is the NYPD process.The construction industry mainly, uses ad-hoc methods for achieving the latter and therefore reducing repeatability of process execution, resulting in the same mistakes occurring time after time. This shift into the establishment of a consistent process for the construction industry requires a new way of thinking entailing a change of culture and working practices. Furthermore, it requires: ; a good understanding of current practices and future trends ; effective communication mechanisms of such processes, such as modeling ; agreement of participa ting parties Technology can then be used to enhance integration and sharing of information. In conjunction with a process map, an IT map should enable the effective use and co- ordination of technology based on a predetermined process framework.This paper proposes a process map which consists of a high level process and sub-processes (Activity Zones), which support the various phases of a construction project and the appropriate information technologies. 3. Methodology During the development of the Protocol a number of research methods have been used: 1. 4. 5. Retrospective and prospective case study analysis; Review and analysis of contemporary construction processes and practices; Review and analysis of concepts and practices applied within the manufacturing industries; Process modeling including various modeling tools and techniques; Iterative development using feedback from several industrial partners via interviews and workshop sessions and scenario building; The results to dat e of some of this work will be described in subsequent sectionsPrinciples As a result of the initial review of the literature, and the identification of the industry requirements through additional interviews with practitioners, six key principles are considered to provide the basis for an improved process. They are drawn heavily from the manufacturing sector where process thinking and continuous improvement has been focused upon for some 30 years. In addition, many of the principles relate to recognized problem areas in construction, where significant improvements have been called for (interracial Bankable, 1964; Lethal, 1994). The six principles are as follows: Whole Project View In the construction industry the definition of a project has traditionally being synonymous to actual construction works.As such the pre-construction and post- construction activities have been sidelined and often accelerated to reach the construction stage or to move on to the ‘new Job'. This has r esulted in poor client requirements identification and delayed the exposure of any potential solutions to the need to any internal and external specialists. Any contemporary attempt to define or create a ‘design and construction process' will have to cover the whole ‘life' of a project from recognition of a need to the operation f the finished facility. This approach ensures that all issues are considered from both a business and a technical point of view. Furthermore this approach recognizes and emphasizes the inter-dependency of activities throughout the duration of a project.It also focuses at the front-end' activities whereby attention is paid to the identification, definition and evaluation of client requirements in order to identify suitable solutions. A Consistent Process During the review of existing models and descriptions of the design and construction process, it was quickly established that little consistency existed. In such an environment, the problems enco untered by temporary multi-organizations (TOM) working can be compounded. Luck & Newcomer (1996) support this view, describing the ‘role ambiguity commonly associated with construction projects. Development of this generic Process Protocol provides the potential to establish its consistent application. Through consistency of use the scope for ambiguity should reduce.This, together with the adoption of a standard approach to performance measurement, evaluation and control, should facilitate a process of continual improvement in design and construction. Progressive Design Fixity The ‘stage-gate' approach found in manufacturing processes (Cooper, 1994; ref. Fig. L) applies a consistent planning and review procedure throughout the Process. Phase Reviews are conducted at the end of each Phase with the aim of reviewing the work executed in the Phase, approving progress to the next Phase, and planning the resounding and execution of the next Phase. Cooper, in his third generati on process, saw the need for ‘conditional-go' decisions at phase gates, to accommodate aspects of concurrency. This philosophy is translated in the development of the Protocol's phase gates.Phase gates are classed as either soft or hard, with the ‘soft gates' allowing the potential for concurrency in the process, whilst ensuring that the key decision points in the process are respected. Fig. 4. 1 Cooper's comparison of stage-gate processes (Cooper, 1994) The potential benefit of this approach is fundamentally the progressive fixing and/or approval of information throughout the Process. As Cooper(1994) states, the discipline of the Phase Review activity improved the conventional chaotic, ad-hoc approach of manufacturing to which the Construction Industry of today could be compared. Co-ordination Co-ordination is one area in which construction traditionally is perceived to perform poorly.This perception is supported by Bankable (1964) and Lethal (1994), in addition to many other reviews of the Industry. The need for improved co-ordination was also highlighted by the interviews with senior managers undertaken during the research project. It is therefore proposed that co-ordination of the Process Protocol is undertaken, principally, by the Process and Change Management Activity Zones. (see section 7) Appointed by the Client, the Process Manager will be delegated authority to plan and o-ordinate the participants and activities of each Phase, throughout the Process. The actions of the Process Manager are supported by the Change Manager, through which all information related to the project is passed.In this role, the Change Manager acts as the official interface between both the Activity Zones in the Process, and ultimately the Legacy Archive. Stakeholder Involvement & Teamwork It has been recognized in the manufacturing industries that multi-function teams, established in a development process, reduces the likelihood of costly changes and production diff iculties later on in the process by enabling design and manufacturing sections earlier in the process. Conventionally, many building projects comprise a team of participants assembled specifically to facilitate the development of that single. Consequently, a complete project team rarely works together on more than one project, and, as Somerville & Stocks (1996) argue, this can negatively affect the assembled â€Å"team's† performance.In addition, many key contributors are identified and included too late in the process. Project success relies upon the right people having the right information at the right time. Proactive resounding of Phases through the adoption of a ‘stakeholder' view would ensure that appropriate participants (from each of the key functions) are consulted earlier in the Process than is traditionally the case. This, in itself, will not eliminate the problems associated with TOM working. However, the active involvement of all participants, especially in the early phases of a project, may subsequently help foster a team environment and encourage appropriate and timely communication and decision making.Feedback In addition to the direct teamwork problems associated with Tom's, the ability to learn from experience is also hampered by the continual formation and break-up of project teams. Both success and failure can offer important lessons for the future, yet the fragmented and competitive nature of the Construction industry prevents the benefits of shared best practice being utilizes. The Phase Review Process facilitates a means by which project experiences can be recorded, throughout the Process, thereby informing later Phases and future projects. Competitive advantage will come from how such experiences are acted upon. (shared knowledge may not automatically reduce the competitiveness of companies working in construction.This Process Protocol therefore proposes the creation, maintenance and use of a Legacy Archive acts as a centra l repository, or information-spine (Sheath et. Al. , 1996), for the information generated through each of the phases of the process. The subsequent increase in awareness, project to project, has the potential for reducing risk and improving performance which over time may ultimately meet Lathe's expectations. Process Development Given the apparent lack of commonality in the contemporary understanding of the design and construction process, an attempt was made to produce a model of the process which could be debated and subsequently refined towards a generic representation.The initial model was developed based upon existing descriptions of the design and construction process (inter alai Walker, 1989; Hughes, 1991), some case study data, and reviews of other published models (inter alai RIBS, 1980; Assassin, 1994; BAA, 1995) The DEFIED-O (Integration Definition language O for Function Modeling) process modeling technique was adopted, initially, as the most appropriate means of represe nting this process. The DEFIED-O technique essentially represents a process as a sequence of activities, described by a verb followed by a noun. Each activity has associated inputs, outputs, controls and mechanisms. It is this technique that has been used successfully to represent processes such as Assassin's (1995) Integrated Building Process Model In developing a process model using the DEFIED-O technique, an initial step is the establishment of the activities that will comprise the model. In preliminary interviews and workshop sessions with the project's industrial partners these activities were presented for discussion in the form of an Activity Hierarchy.However, initial reactions to this were poor, principally because such an approach did not facilitate communication of the process, either quickly or clearly. Moreover, it was found that the industrial partners to the project, at this stage, also preferred to concentrate on the general principles of the process, in preference t o the detail of the activities involved. This preference for principles was found to have a certain congruence with other models of manufacturing processes. Cooper's discussion of the evolution of the ‘stage-gate' models in manufacturing (Cooper, 1994), and other (inter alai GAP (1990), Fissions) industrial models, demonstrate this. In such models the graphical representation of the process conveys it's inherent reminisces.As Rousseau (1996) notes, such process models are â€Å"an effective way to show how a process works†. In their definition; â€Å"A process map consists of an X and a Y axis, which show process sequence (or time) and process participants, respectively. The horizontal X axis illustrates time in process and the individual process activities or gates. The Y axis shows the departments or functions participating in the process†¦ † (p. 444) Beyond this convention, there appears to be little formality in the method used to represent a process. Fu rthermore, it could be argued that the elated informality of the modeling process enhanced the contributions of the project's partner representatives.Through several workshop sessions, the model was revised and deliberated by the partner representatives. As Rousseau (1996) argues, this â€Å"participative† approach to design makes any new process easier to accept and use. In an industry with a ‘need for change' such an approach must be considered appropriate. Thus, through a process of gradual refinement, progress was made towards an agreed version, the Process Protocol, which this paper presents. 6. The Process Protocol The draft Process Protocol Model is presented in Fig. . 1 . Essentially, the model breaks down the design and construction process into 10 distinct phases. These 10 phases are grouped into 4 broad stages, namely Pre-pro]etc, Pre-Construction, Construction and Post-construction.Pre-project Stage The Pre-project Phases relate to the strategic business con siderations of any potential project which aims to address a client's need. Throughout the Pre-project Phases the client's need is progressively defined and assessed with the aim of: 1. Determining the need for a construction project solution, and 2. Securing outline financial authority to proceed to the Pre-Construction Phases. In currently acknowledged models of the design and construction process (inter alai RIBS, 1980; British Property Federation, 1983; – Hughes, 1991 provides a comprehensive review), and recently published client-focused guides (CIRRI, 1995), this stage of a project is given scant consideration, when compared to the latter stages.However, the models assume that when approaching the Construction Industry, clients have already established the need'. Whilst there is little evidence to suggest this is not the case, it would seem reasonable to assume that the knowledge possessed by speculative alluding developers and consultants could assist any client in the se early stages of a project. The problems associated with the translation of this need through the conventional briefing stage of design (Reilly, 1987) have the potential for substantial elimination via such an approach. Pre-Construction Stage With outline financial approval obtained, the Process progresses through to the Pre- Construction Phases where the defined client's need is developed into an appropriate design solution.Like many conventional models of the design process, the Pre- Construction Phases develop the design through a logical sequence, with the aim of levering approved production information. The Phase Review Process, however, adds the potential for the progressive fixing of the design, together with it's concurrent development, within a formal, co-ordinate framework. Progressive fixity should not be confused with ‘design freeze', although to some this may be a desired aspect of the process. The major benefit of the fixity of design is the potential for impro ved communication and co-ordination between the project's participants as they pass through each Phase. Given the dynamic market conditions which influence any construction client's decisions, the need for flexibility must be addressed by the industry.At the end of the Pre-Construction Phases, the aim is to secure full financial authority to proceed. Only upon such authority will the Construction Phase commence, and this decision will be easier to make where the extent of the works, and it's associated risks can be readily understood. Construction Stage The Construction Phase is solely concerned with the production of the project solution. It is here that the full benefits of the co-ordination and communication earlier in the Process may be fully realized. Potentially, any changes in the client's requirements will be minimal, as the increased cost of change as the design progresses should be fully understood by the time on-site construction work begins.The ‘hard gate' that div ides the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases should not prevent a Workplace' approach to construction, and the associated delivery time benefits this brings. As with all activities in the process, where concurrency is possible, it can be accommodated. The hard and soft gates that signify Phase Reviews merely require that before such an activity is carried out, approval is ranted. Post-construction Stage Upon completion of the Construction Phase, the Process Protocol continues into the Post-construction Phases which aim to continually monitor and manage the maintenance needs of the constructed facility. Again, the full involvement of facilities management specialists at the earlier stages of the process should make the enactment of such activities less problematic.The need for surveys of the completed property, for example, should be avoided as all records of the development of the facility should have been recorded by the project's Legacy Archive. Figure 6. 1 . The Generic Desi gn and Construction Process Protocol Model 7. The Sub-processes: ‘Activity Zones' The earlier involvement of the project's participants, throughout the process is a significant development of the conventional approach to building. Traditionally, a construction project's participants are referred to by their professional or expert status. Ball (1988) demonstrates how this may be attributed to the inherent class relations associated with each of the professions and expert groups. As with all class distinctions, the effect that this basis for organizational structure in design and instruction has is division.A consequence of this traditional approach, by which even the more recent forms of contract procurement (design and build, management contracting, etc. ) are included, is the poor communication and coordination commonly associated with construction projects. The participants in the Process Protocol are referred to in terms of their primary responsibilities, and are represente d on the Y-axis of the Process Model. It is recognized that traditionally, project to project, organizational roles and responsibilities change, resulting in ambiguity and confusion (Luck & Newcomer, 1996). By basing the enactment of the process upon the primary responsibility required, the scope for confusion is potentially reduced, and the potential for effective communication and co-ordination increased.The Process Protocol groups the participants in any project into ‘Activity Zones'. These zones are not functional but rather they are multi-functional and they represent structured sets of tasks and processes which guide and support work towards a common objective (for example to create an appropriate design solution). A single person or firm can carry out an activity zone in small-projects but in large ND complex projects, an activity zone may consist of a complex network of people and between relevant functions and/or organizations. Since they are multi-functional, members hip of the ‘zones' is determined by the specific project task and/or process.For example Design Management often has important input in the Production Management and Facilities Management activity zones, amongst others and vice- versa. Of the activity zones associated with the model, not all will be discussed here. Most of the ‘zones' are self-explanatory. However, the role of the Process/Change Management and Development Management activity zones will be described, as they present a significant departure from the conventional view of the design and construction process. Development Management The Development Management activity zone is fundamentally the client/customer for the potential project. In the Protocol scenario, it is ultimately responsible for the success or failure of the project.Representing the major stakeholder in the process, it has an important role. It is via the brief prepared by the Development Management that the client/customer's needs are presented and ultimately interpreted. The Development Management is the only constant ‘player' in the process. All other activity zones potentially consist of a dynamic membership, as the needs of the project develop throughout the process. The extent to which the other participants in the process, particularly the Process Management, have authority to proceed is delegated by the Development Management. It is they who will ultimately review the work of the project's participants and sanction progress or cessation.Development Management is responsible for creating and maintaining business focus throughout he project, which satisfies both relevant organizational and stakeholder objectives and constraints. For example, a proposed speculative office development needs to satisfy the developers objectives (say, return on capital) and constraints (say, available finance), as well as fulfilling other stakeholder considerations (say, compliance with prevailing planning concerns). Process / Chan ge Management The Process and Change Management activity zones are essentially the interface between the Development Management and the other project participants. Process Management has a role independent of all other activity zones.A distinction must be dad between this conventional view of a project manager and the Process Management role. Process Management, as the title suggests, is concerned with the enactment of the process, rather than the project. Key to the success of each Phase in the process is the production of project deliverables (reports and documentation associated with each Phase). In this respect the Process Management is responsible for facilitating and co-ordination the participants required to produce the necessary deliverables. Acting as the Development Management's ‘agent', it will ensure the enactment of each Phase as planned, culminating with the presentation of the

Police officers Essay

Have you ever been in a situation where you find yourself stuck between facing consequences for things you haven’t done and giving in to someone who seems to be on a power trip and is taking advantage of their superiority over you? Whether it be a manager taking advantage of his power in the work place or a police man or woman doing unnecessary and over the top things to you. Abuse of power seems to be a common thing in some police officers every day life and this is not okay. It is very apparent what a police officers job is and that is to protect and serve the community and make sure that real criminals are being served justice, however; some may come across police officers that use the fact that they have badges and weapons to their advantage in order to basically become a bully instead of a hero. Of course not all police officers are corrupt, most are actually doing their job and are concerned with the safety of all people and not just their own but those few that are corr upt need to be stopped and be punished for their police brutality and/or abuse of power. So the question is, are police men and women being evaluated thoroughly enough so as not to hire corrupt officers? Are police officers being punished and or brought to justice because of their wrong doings? In this paper I will bring some cases of police brutality and or abuse of police powers to your attention as well as if and how police are being punished because of their illegal or down right cruel behavior. Becoming a police officer is far from an easy task as it should be, but why is it that after so much questioning and tests of integrity and moral values citizens are becoming more and more victimized by police officers? In my opinion police officers are not being as extensively tested for a corrupt mind set as we are led to believe they are. Possible police officers are asked questions on a polygraph test that mostly tie in with the questions asked in the application process so as to get details and obviously the truth out of anything remotely suspicious on the application. These questions mostly having to do with drug use or theft and anything that may prove an officer to be dishonest about questions already asked prior to the polygraph. These questions however rarely have to do with how officers view a citizens race, religion, gender, levels of class, etc. For example, a police officer is not asked in a polygraph test if he does not like Muslim people or if he is disgusted by gay individuals.

Marketing Strategies of Goodbar and its Impact on Consumer Behavior Research Paper

Marketing Strategies of Goodbar and its Impact on Consumer Behavior - Research Paper Example This research would help in identifying the areas where mr.Goodbar’s marketing strategies are effective and where they are lacking in order to influence consumer behavior. Research Methods Comparison For this research paper, three different indepth qualitative research techniques were utilized, i.e. focus group interviews, face to face individual interviews and online research interviews. These three qualitative research techniques are discussed in this section along with their difference with each other, effectiveness in achieving the research objectives and goals, difficulties that might arise by using each of these techniques and their effectiveness in achieving the goals and objectives of present research study. Focus Group Focus group interviews enables a Researcher to act as a moderator and present a situation or case in front of limited number of respondents sitting together. Critics are of the view that focus groups are not an interview rather a discussion that provides handy information and point of views from the respondents’ side to the Researcher. It’s a general perception that the information retrieved from focus group interviews can not be used to conclude the study but it can be used for generating more useful ideas that can be utilized for concluding the research study. Majority of the Researchers use focus group interviews to achieve understanding of general ideas and thoughts about a product that is to be launched in the market and how useful respondents think, the product will be in providing solutions to customers’ needs and wants. The biggest advantage of focus group interviews is that they help the Researcher to observe the reaction of the responses under given conditions and make note of high and low points of responses within the group2 (Blankenship, Breen and Dutka 1998). Face to Face Individual Interviews Face to face individual interviews enables the Researcher to communicate personally with the respondents and collect more in-depth information regarding respondents’ personal vies regarding the topic under discussion. The biggest advantage of conducting face to face individual interviews is that it helps the Researcher to collect information in greater detail and allows him or her to ask counter questions in order to create detailed understanding regarding the issues. Face to face interviews also creates easiness for the respondents to share their views in detail and elaborate their responses according to the tone of the discussion shaping up. Researcher also can acquire further information from the body language of the respondents. One of the major disadvantages of face to face interviews is that they are time consuming and requires more money as compare to other methods3 (Muise and Olson 2007). Online Research

All DP- CH-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

All DP- CH-1 - Essay Example The paper discussed the prevalence of diabetes in South Asian women in Los Angeles County in a critical manner highlighting reasons and impact in the recent run. It was found that South Asian women suffer from diabetes mainly because of the genetic and lifestyle issues. They are well educated and supported by strong demographics still lack focus and dedication to deal with the diabetes issue. One of the most critical factors pertaining to the treatment of diabetes is based on the notion that, it cannot be treated and thus can only be managed and controlled. However, in many cases, individuals do not even take initiatives in controlling it rather than getting affected by it to the core and then taking actions and initiatives. South Asian women have strong demographics and weak social factors making them all the more vulnerable towards the treatment of diabetes in the long run. This report makes a conclusion that South Asian women are exposed to little awareness programs that affect their thought process. The problem lies in dealing with the diabetes issue that is dependent on the understanding of reasons behind the rise of diabetes (Mather and Keen, 1985). In the past, it was found that health intervention programs have been of great help but considering the need of mutual cooperation and coordination; at times; healthcare models and programs create very little impact and in the case of South Asian women, it was found that healthcare models affect for a brief period of time and then are of little use and importance considering the lack of continuation and zeal to take positive initiatives.

Areas That Shell Oil Company Needs To Focus On In Order To Increase Essay

Areas That Shell Oil Company Needs To Focus On In Order To Increase Its Sales and Revenue - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Shell Oil Company is a US-based firm which has been in operations for decades. Over the years, the company has been able to strengthen its financial position. However, in the past one decade, the company has lost a margin of its market share to the new entrants in the market. This paper will give an in-depth insight of areas that the company needs to focus on in order to increase its sales and revenue. Being a multinational company, Shell is facing stiff penalties and charges from global bodies. For instance, the EU and UN have enacted strict laws to curb carbon emission. This has forced Shell to settle government pressure through offering incentives such as improvement of the economies in the countries where the firm operates. It has been found that oil can be used to gauge the economic development of the country. However, due to the increasing demand for the commodity especially in the United States, the oil companies have tried to use their influence to earn support from the respective governments. However, the governments have maintained their positions especially because of the environmental issues associated with oil companies. In the past five years, Shell has tried to get engage with Climate Action Partnership in an attempt to improve its reputation. However, the government has maintained its stiff position against the company. In addition, the Congress has stated that the government cannot compromise the environment in order to improve the economy. Therefore, the political environment across the world has been stiff against the firm because every government is trying to do its part in order to reduce the increasing levels of global warming. Therefore, political leaders are pushing their governments further in order to stiffen the existing rules and regulations.

Geographical information system and agriculture Research Paper

Geographical information system and agriculture - Research Paper Example In the long run, commonly referenced data can be superimposed to determine relationships between data components. Geographic information system (GIS) software applies relational database management technologies to consign a series of attributes to every spatial characteristic (Longley et al 86). Ordinary aspect identification keys are used to associate the spatial and attribute data among tables. For example, a soil polygon can be associated to a chain of database tables that explains chemical composition, its mineral, crop yield, slope, land use suitability, and other features. Another aspect of Geographic information system (GIS) is that it provides the capability to coalesce series of data into a multiple data layer that may later be a base layer in the database. For instance, demography, slope, wetlands, hydrography, soils and land use can be merged to develop a solitary layer of proper hazardous waste storage sites (Longley et al 140). These data, in turn, may be integrated into the listing database of local government and applied for regulatory and planning evaluations.GIS software normally allows for two kinds of data. Some use raster data i.e. satellite imagery while others use vectors to represent features on the surface of the earth. Most systems allow for complete integration of both types of data (Pierce and David, 11). A GIS can be used to explain basic locational questions such as what is positioned at a given level on the earth surface; or where is the exact element located? At the same time, soils data across the entire watershed can be asked to determine the distribution of regions with hydric soils of huge than 100 acres and are linked to key river system (Pierce and David, 15). Geographic information system (GIS) is becoming the dais of choice for mixing and analyzing enormous range of data in the field of agriculture due to the ability to analyze those data flow and display

An investigation in to the effect of oil and gas to Qatar's economy Essay

An investigation in to the effect of oil and gas to Qatar's economy - Essay Example Apart from earning substantial revenues from exporting various products, every industrial giant within these nations consume 25 barrels of oil per person annually in order to maintain smooth functionality in the operations and thus contribute to the overall economic development of the nations (The World Bank 103). In terms of Qatar’s economic condition and position, recent reports project that the nation experiences a real growth rate of about 5.5 % and is ranked 44th position in terms of world ranking. The per capita income of this nation was $102,100 in terms of world ranking until the year 2013. Observably, the nations is ranked 3rd in terms of gross national savings, 19th in terms of crude oil production and 6th in terms of natural gas production (Central Intelligence Agency, â€Å"The World Factbook† ). By taking into concern the findings of this particular study, the null hypothesis to be tested in this study will be, â€Å"The oil and gas industry has no considerable impact on Qatar’s economy has been validated†. This claim has been validated from the perspective of Qatar’s officials who provided the reason behind the lack of impact on that country’s economy. Although oil comprises 58% of Qatar’s economy as well as 59% of that country’s exports as of 2012, the officials maintained that the country’s growth would slow to 5% during the 2014 financial year. The economy would not realize considerable impact because Qatar’s exports are expected to go down as the country plans to invest heavily on its infrastructure as it prepares for 2022 World Cup tournaments (Bakr and Dokoupil). The information accumulated from the research work certainly helps in determining the validity of the above-depicted null hypothesis. It can be affirmed that the research question is mainly structured with the intention of understanding that how oil and gas sector being the primary sector in the Qatari economy impose extensive impact specifically on the

Application of Theory Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Application of Theory Paper - Essay Example The theory makes use of the fourteen components which are solely based on the wants of human beings. The theory works on two major assumptions which are â€Å"Care givers also known as nurses have a responsibility of looking after the client until they are in a position where they can adequately look after themselves’ and â€Å"Nurses are always on the look and selfless in ensuring that the patients recover for their ailments† and lastly â€Å"Nurses will be more effective when they obtain an undergraduate certificate in both arts and sciences†. This paper will examine the problem in nursing leadership by providing scholarly evidence to support the issue. In addition, it will present one strategy and the concepts and principles where the nursing theory are applicable, provide a rationale for the chosen strategy and one ethical strategy for the theory. Nursing leadership has been an emerging issue over the years because of the numerous challenges which various sectors of nursing encounter. Globalization in today’s society has really changed the shape of nursing and nurses across the globe require effective leadership to maintain to the required standards and generate a new generation of nurses. Quality in many health cares is determined by the efficacy of the leadership available. On the other hand leadership is extremely essential in all institutions or organizations. It can be defined as the process through which goals are identified by providing accurate support and motivation(McEwen & Wills, 2007). Nursing practice requires accurate evidence that is only obtained through extensive research. Putting together the evidence collected into nursing practice is necessary for quality to be achieved in the nursing filed. Therefore the behaviors of most health care providers have been wanting as they have not been able to accurately determine the kinds of involvement needed to

Stakeholders Who Influence the Purpose of Tesco Plc and Bonzers Farm Essay Example for Free

Stakeholders Who Influence the Purpose of Tesco Plc and Bonzers Farm Essay This report investigates the different stakeholders involved in influencing the purpose of Britain’s largest retailer Tesco Plc, this will then be compared to Bonzers Farm, which is a successful local business providing fresh produce. In this report we will get to distinguish key stakeholders in both businesses, and their relevance and the part which the play within that business. I will then conclude my report by discussing conflicts of interest and the interdependencies with those stakeholders. Stakeholders are people that have an interest in the success of business and play a role in the survival of that business. They tend to submit monthly amounts of money into the company or that it affects or is affected by the businesses action, they would be seen as more important to a company such as Bonzers Farm as they would need all the funding they could get, as it only supplies small local business and would be easily influenced by any small change, where as Tesco’s Plc, which is a successful international retailer would of established strong relationships with its stakeholders and is in a better financial situation and therefore any financial change could be overcome easily . Tesco Plc and Bonzers Farm have similar stakeholders. The main ones are shareholders, customers, employees, government, local community, and suppliers. Shareholders are people who legally own shares of stock in Tesco Plc, they are needed as if Tesco is losing income and find themselves in financial trouble they can sell their shares to help build up the business, so the more shareholders they hold they better the chance of recovery. Shareholders want the business to succeed and their shares to increase which means a better return/dividend. Shares would be more secure with a company like Tesco Plc as it’s considered to be successful and gives out better dividends. Bonzers Farm would be seen as an unsecure investment as it only operates locally and has a higher chance of becoming bankrupt, which means shareholders lose their shares. Customers tend to be the most influential stakeholder as they determine the income Tesco makes. They generally want innovative products and quality goods at low costs, if Tesco is successful in providing this (research and ncome figures suggest they are), they will attract more customers through word-of-mouth and various forms of advertisement, Tesco are very aware of their targeted audience and therefore are successful in meeting customer demands which allows Tesco Plc to expand. Customers are as important if not more to Bonzers Farm as that may be the only form of income they receive, customer loyalty and increase is essential. They rely solemnly on word-of-mouth to improve customer numbers as they cannot afford advertising through various media. Employees want also Tesco Plc to succeed and influence it by working harder and more efficient. This is due to the fact that if Tesco succeed they are likely to get better wages, a higher chance of promotion and have a secure job. If Tesco Plc were to collapse this would threaten their jobs, freeze or maybe ever lower their wages. So it’s in the interest of both parties that Tesco provides a good service. Bonzers Farm will have only a small number of employees compared to the thousands Tesco have and their efficiency is crucial. This is because if they don’t work hard and at a high level then the business may fail and they are likely to lose their job. Stakeholders such as suppliers are also interested in Tesco succeeding as it allows them to have a long term and secure buyer, this allows them to sell more products which means more income and success for them. Their goods have to be of a high quality (depending on price) for customer demand to continue or increase and for customer loyalty. If quality drops that will have to be reflected by the price, if not then the Tesco may have to consider getting new suppliers, this means loss of income for the current supplier and job uncertainty. The government is also a stakeholder as it is interested in the success of Tesco Plc as all businesses have to pay taxes, so the more profit they business turns in the more taxes is has to pay, if the business fails then workers are make unemployed and as a result may go and ask for government unemployment benefits such as Jobseekers Allowance. Local community can also be considered as a stakeholder as it may be interested in the success of that business to create jobs for people living locally. A new Tesco store would be seen as a great opportunity for local jobs as it would require hundreds of staff with not much experience or qualifications. Bonzers Farm may be less welcomed as it only required a small number of staff and experience in the farm may be needed. If a business like Tesco fails then it’s likely that the whole community is affected due to job loss and will lose the ability to provide a needed service to the locals. If Bonzers Farm fail this will also affect the local community as it supplies local business, so it closes then those local business will need to find new suppliers at the current rate, if this can’t be achieved then they local business may also fail as a result. To conclude, from the information above that I have researched, all the stakeholders play a major role in the success of both business. However it is apparent that there is conflict of interest between stakeholder parties. For Tesco there could be a conflict of interest between the Owner and customer, both play a huge role in the success of Tesco Plc, as Tesco is mainly owned by shareholders they will be interested in the amount of profit they receive and therefore will be trying to get cheaper suppliers and selling at the highest price possible or cutting down employees, where as customers are interested in the service provided by Tescos, this could be through customer service or the quality of products compared to price, there could be conflict over opening hours as longer hours means a longer service for customers but more expenditure for the owners as more staff are required which means more expenditure. For Bonzers Farm there could also be a conflict of interest between owner and workers as the owners objective again is to turn in the highest profits available where as workers will be interested in higher wages, this could create a conflict as if Bonzers Farm decide to pay more wages they could loose much needed profit to pay out to the shareholders and running costs and as a result even fail to break even. This is due to the fact that employers look to pay the lowest costs for a best service available, the two tend to collide. Even though there is often conflicts between the stakeholders there are also interdependencies between them as they depend and need each other to make the business thrive. For example Tesco customers depend on the suppliers to supply them with the best quality of products available, and the suppliers depend on the shareholder to buy their products at the highest price. The local community depends on the success of Tesco to open up new job opportunities for the locals. This interdependence is also apparent for Bonzers Farm. Without all the stakeholder there would be gabs in the hierarchy and the business will find it difficult to function.

The introduction of the Tesco Supermarket

The introduction of the Tesco Supermarket Tesco started as a one-man business in Londons East End. Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen, son of a Polish Jewish tailor. He sold groceries in the markets of the East End from 1919. The Tesco brand first appeared in 1924. The name derived after Jack Cohen bought a large shipment of tea from T.E. Stockwell (formerly Messrs Torring and Stockwell of Mincing Lane), he made new labels by using the first three letters of the suppliers name and the first two letters of his surname forming the word TESCO. The first Tesco store was opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware, and London. The firm was floated on the London Stock Exchange on 23 December 1947. The first Tesco self-service store opened in 1948 in St Albans and is still trading in 2006 as a Tesco Metro store.The first Tesco supermarket was opened in 1956 in a converted cinema in Maldon, Essex. Tescos first superstore was opened in 1968 in Crawley, West Sussex. The group began selling petrol in 1974 and its annual turnover reached one billion pounds in 1979. Also In 1975 Tesco opened one of its first Hypermarkets in Irlam. The first Hypermarket under the Extra name opened in 1997. EXPANSION: In 1994, the company took over the Scottish supermarket chain William Low. Tesco successfully fought off Sainsburys for control of the Dundee-based firm, which operated 57 stores north of the border, paving the way for Tesco to expand its weak presence in Scotland. To the present day, Tesco has based its Scottish headquarters at the former Wm. Low offices in Dundee. From small beginnings in Scotland Inverness was recently branded as Tescotown, since an estimated 50p in every  £1 spent on food is believed to be spent in the three Tesco stores within the city. (Nationally, it is estimated that 1 in every  £8 is the proportion spent) It introduced a loyalty card branded Clubcard in 1995 and later an Internet shopping service. During the 1990s it expanded into Central Europe, Ireland and East Asia. In July 2001 it became involved in internet grocery retailing in the USA when it obtained a 35% stake in GroceryWorks. In October 2003 it launched a UK telecoms division, comprising of mobile and home phone services, to complement its existing internet service provider business. In August 2004, it also launched a broadband service. NATURE, SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT NATURE: Tesco opened its first store in Edgware, North London in 1929.It is founded by John Cohen and T. E. Stockwell. Tesco mainly used strategies to build customer loyalty. It reached the  £billion pound turnover in 1979.It became the first UK business to reach  £2 billion pound and became the largest retailer in UK. STRATEGY: According to Johnson and Scholes strategy is defined as the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term; which achieves advantage for the organisation through it configuration of resources within a changing enviroment,to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. Tescos growth over the last two or three decades has involved a transformation of its strategy and image. Its initial success was based on the Pile it high, sell it cheap approach of the founder Jack Cohen. The disadvantage of this was that the stores had a poor image with middle-class customers. In the late 1970s Tescos brand image was so negative that consultants advised the company to change the name of its stores. It did not accept this advice, yet by early 2005 it was the largest retailer in the United Kingdom, with a 29.0% share of the grocery market according to retail analysts TNS Super Panel, compared to the 16.8% share of ASDA and 15.6% share of third-placed SainsburyHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SainsburysHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsburyss, which had been the market leader until it was overtaken by Tesco in 1995. Key to success: Focus on customers. Focus heavily on value for money. Finest and low price. Core UK business. Non-food business. Retailing services. International Expansion. SCOPE According to Mintzberg and Quinn there are five definitions if strategy Strategy as a plan Strategy as a pattern Strategy as a position Strategy as a perspective Strategy as a ploy Tescos growth over the last two or three decades has involved a transformation of its strategy and image. Its initial success was based on the Pile it high, sell it cheap approach of the founder Jack Cohen. Levels of planning Planning of strategy in any organisation is categorised into three levels: Top level planning: this is done by the top management and is termed as strategic planning. It is a long range planning and is linked to long range goals. Second level planning: This is carried out by senior executives and is termed as tactical planning. The plans are devised to achieve the organisations main objectives. The long-range plans of the organisation are segmented and are oriented to functions and departments. Third level planning: This is the concern of the departmental managers and supervisors and is called activity planning or operational planning. It is confined to short term activities and also individual assignments and establishes performance of the organisation. Corporate strategy: It is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of the business to meet stake holder expectations. It is often expressed as mission statement of the organisation. The companys mission statement reads, Our core purpose is, To create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. We deliver this through our values, No-one tries harder for customers, and Treat people how we like to be treated'. The underlying aim is of course to make higher profits, but there is a clear focus on customer service at the top level of the company. Business strategy: It is concerned with how a business competes successfully in a particular market. Tescos business strategy is to Expand overseas Maintain a strong uk business Expand into non-food merchandise Operational strategy: It is concerned with the operations to deliver the corporate and business strategy of the organisation. Tesco has its every little helps strategy to make both its employees and customers happy while achieving the organisational goals. PURPOSE Tesco adopts its strategy with a core purpose to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. This is expressed as two key values. No one tries harder for customers Treat people as we like to be treated. Tesco positions all its resources with a purpose to satisfy this strategy while achieving its organisational goals. PROCESS FOR DEVELOPING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT While the corporate strategy of an organisation sets the objectives for different businesses; business strategy deals with individual sections of the overall business and the operational strategy directs and determines each function of the organisation. The process of business strategy of Tesco can be outlined as: Stating and understanding The Companys vision. Stating and understanding The Companys mission. Analysing the business environment. Crafting and evaluation of strategy. Implementation, monitoring and control. VISION Tescos vision can be clearly understood in the statement of its CEO Terry Leahy we have got only 5% of the non-food market in Britain, we have got only 6% of the convenience market and we have got only 2-3% of the banking market In all these examples we could be much bigger. This statement clearly presents the idea where Tesco wants to be in the future. MISSION A mission statement spells out the central purpose and shared values of a business organisation. Mission of Tesco is To create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty which is delivered through two key values no one tries harder for customers and treat people how they like to be treated. ANALYSIS OF THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT For the formulation of strategy, it is necessary to analyse the organisational environment. These would include political, economic, social and technological factors. According to Johnson and Scholes: Managers face difficulties in trying to understand the environment. First, the environment encapsulates many different influences; the difficulty is making sense of this diversity in a way which can contribute to strategic decision making. A simple analysis of the business environment so Tesco involves three aspects: Analysing Internal capabilities and resources(core competencies) Analysing external environment by PEST Analysis Analysing the competitive environment by Porters five forces Core Competencies Core competences relate to those resources and capabilities if the firm which enable to Attain a competitive edge in the market According to Johnson and Scholes core competencies create and sustain the ability to meet the critical success factors of particular customer groups better than other providers in ways that are difficult to imitate. Tesco identifies core competencies by three factors: Creation of new products and services which provides potential access to a wide variety of markets. Skill which makes a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the end product. competitive unique skills which are difficult for competitors to imitate PEST ANALYSIS The external environment of an organisation is analysed by PEST analysis. It helps to identify the key changes that are taking place around the organisation and which influence it in the future. A PEST Analysis looks at Political Factors Economic factors Social factors Technological factors The following is the PEST Analysis for Tesco Political Factors Risks of potential competition commission enquiry GM- Food EU competition Law Economic Factors Intensive price competition between the large supermarkets Cost of products keep falling because of strengthening buying power Socio cultural factors Organic foods and drink Customer concerns about GM food, allergies and additives Animal welfare policies Environmental policies and practices Technological Factors Radio Frequency identity technology in operation of its supply chain Radio barcode technology for tagging cases. Self service check-out system. PORTERS FIVE FORCES Porters five forces are used to analyse the external environment of an organisation and to determine the attractiveness of the market. The five forces are: The bargaining power of customers The bargaining power of suppliers The threat of new entrants The threat of substitute products The intensity of competitive rivalry Bargaining power of customers The buying power of customers may influence Tesco to force prices down. This may lead to competition where the other rivals may also bring down the prices. Tesco should maintain the customer loyalty to stop them from drifting to others. Bargaining power of suppliers Demand of suppliers to pay high prices for their goods. Recently, the agitation by the dairy farmers to get high price for milk is an example. But market giants like Tesco has an overwhelming advantage over their suppliers where they dictate the price they pay their suppliers. Threat of new entrants Supermarket chains like Tesco manage the threat of new entrants by imposing barriers to entry. This is achieved by paying high price to suppliers and buying large volumes of goods. This makes Tesco to supply goods at cheaper prices to its customers where it corners the new entrants. Tesco also has the advantage of economies of scale. Threat of substitute products Tesco faces the threat of cutting down the prices of groceries and goods by other giants like Asda and Sainsbury. This may lead to lowering of prices where the buyer gets an advantage. Intensity of competitive rivalry Retail industry is the one where the profit margins are low and the competition is high. According to classical economics, rivalry between companies should drive profits to zero. All the above mentioned factors impact the intensity of competition for Tesco. Asda, Sainsburys, Morrisons and others with their expansion plans and strategies are making the competition tough. Their disciplined approach towards prices setting is preventing the destruction in profit war. Environmental evaluation of Tesco The environmental audit is reliant on the monitoring activity undertaken by the organisation. It includes Market intelligence Largest supermarket chain with a market capitalisation of  £26.037bn New strategies for mergers and expansion plans to US Effective and low prices Continuous monitoring and direct information on the sales figures in stores Efficient maintenance of customer loyalty. Technical intelligence RFID technology for supply chain management EPOs and Bar-coding technology Extension of RFID technology for tagging the cases through out the supply chain by 2007. Effective implementation of one in front policy at the tills to satisfy the customers. Acquisition intelligence Decision of receding from the bid to takeover Safeway. Expansion plans for US Other issues Convenience stores according to the needs of the people Decisions regarding the environmental issues Crafting a strategy By considering the above factors Tesco clearly crafted a strategy that keeps it in the leading position in all the aspects: The selected strategy of Tesco is To provide all the customers with excellent value and choice in UK business which is its biggest market and where Tesco enjoys top slot. Having a six element approach to be an international retailer while focusing on satisfaction of needs of the different local customers. KEY FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING STRATEGY The key factors for an organisation are those which exist within an environment and may generate a need for change. These are triggers for change in the organisation. The following is a brief description of the key factors which may lead to strategic change in Tesco. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Macro environmental analysis increases awareness of the relevant environmental changes at managerial level. This enhances strategic planning. Macro environmental analysis further focuses attention on the primary influences of strategic change and provides anticipation to opportunities and carefully develops responses to change. The following are the external environmental factors which pose challenges to Tesco High energy costs High recovery costs Improving position of competitors Risks of the potential competition commission enquiry Growing cautiousness among consumers STAKEHOLDERS Stakeholders can be defined as As those individual actors and parties, organisations and professions and institutions that have a bearing on the behaviour of the organisation as revealed in its policies and actions on the environment. Stakeholders can be divided into two categories; Those view the organisation externally Those have an internal interest External stakeholders for Tesco are competitiors, customers, suppliers, shareholders government departments etc.They judge the efficiency and try to influence its activities. So Tesco always determines the outputs required by the stakeholders. Internal stakeholders for Tesco are the owners, managers and employees. In large companies like Tesco there are thousands of shareholders who have a vested interest in the success of the business. MEDIA Media plays a very important role in an organisations strategy. It works in two ways; Interest in the success of the organisation and its subsequent positive feedback Interest in the proposed developments Tesco notifies well that the influence of effective public relations on the opinions of a wide range of groups will enhance the likelihood of success for its strategy. So it always maintains good relations with the media. Tescos media centre contain the latest news releases, images and briefing notes. Their latest TV ad campaign can also be viewed from their video library. The media people can also access to their media centre for easy access to the latest developments. LEGAL Organisations need to anticipate and prepare themselves for changes in legal procedures. The potential competition commission enquiry and other regulations are important legal factors which can influence retail sector now.Tesco has all the legal resources which enables it to respond to such changes well in advance and as a part of its developing strategy. ETHICAL These are the moral principles that should govern human relations and conduct. These are very important considerations in formulating strategy which involve subjective personal feelings about human behaviour. Tesco identifies as one of the key factors in its strategy and accepts this with enthusiasm and commitment. EDUCATIONAL In the present business scenario, the capacity to transmit knowledge through devices as the internet has become formidable. The most important and interesting aspect of the improvement in education and subsequent growth of knowledge has been the increasing professionalism of workforces in an organisation. Tesco understand this well and implements it in the improvement of skills of its human resources. It conducts training programmes a least two times a year. POLITICAL Political factors generally effect the organisation in two ways. One driven by the government pr by the multinational political initiatives and another concerned with the political shifts within the particular business environment. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS The following are the factors that are instrumental to the internal environment of Tesco. Organisational policy The mission statement of an organisation sets out the purpose of a business The mission statement of an organisation is refined over the time to reflect the developed or enhanced capabilities of the business .The following are the purpose statements for Tesco which gives a clear picture of its policy Scope of an organisations activities is a fundamental element of strategy. Tescos scope relates to the extent of the market into which it sells its products and services. It is already the largest retailer in UK and is planning to expand to US .It has already wide markets in Europe and Asia. A key consideration for a firm is to identify what areas of activity to pursue in its markets. Tesco targets customers of all ages with its products and services ranging from food, household products and retail to insurance and personal finance. An important aspect of strategy is for a company to identify the positions held by their products and services in the market place. Tesco has already built a very strong businesses over the time with very strong market positions. Each and every one of them has huge potential for further growth. Human resources Tesco is the largest private sector employer in UK. Tesco is the largest private sector employer in UK. It employs 250,000 staff alone in the UK and 367,000 staff worldwide. It has 2365 stores all over the world. Tesco employs about 11,000 employees every year. It recruits about 80 to 150 graduates each year to two training schemes one store and one office based. It recruits by in-store advertising, events in local areas. and recommendations From existing employees through an employee referral scheme. These employees are the need for effective communication in the field of management. Financial resources As per the statistics of 2006 Tesco is the fourth largest retailer in the world. Its market capitalisation was  £26.035 billion which was the largest of any retailer based outside the united states. Tesco also has got tremendous property portfolio. It does its own development and owns about 85 of all its assets around the world. And always Tesco invests a lot in its property. According to company authorities over the next five years its property value will be  £5 billion and still be a predominantly freehold property company. All these factors are described as the key factors for Tesco DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF STRATEGIC OPTIONS Strategy whether developed for a whole organisation or for an operating department or a team follows the same building process .Its central concern is to create a long-term vision of where we want to be or what we would like to become .Strategy that an organisation adopts should be feasible and practicable. Its pulling power is extremely important to survive in the tough competitive environment where an organisation operates .The art of strategic development involves a set of sophisticated tools to facilitate the process. The following is a brief context of different strategic options for TESCO and their evaluation. PEST ANALYSIS To develop a strategy for an organisation to assure its long-term effectiveness it should carry an analysis about its future. For this PEST Analysis is the best tool. It carries analysis of four or six major factors which can effect the organisation in future .TESCO which is the largest player in retail sector carries PEST Analysis to analyse the external factors which may affect in the future .The following is the PEST Analysis for TESCO: Political and legal considerations Risks of potential commission enquiry TESCO may face the risk of the potential commission enquiry in future which aims to curb the unhealthy competition in the retail sector. GM-Food With increasing awareness in the consumers all over the world TESCO may face the risk with Green peace workers regarding the labelling of genetically modified foods. . EU Competition Law EU Competition Law constituted to regulate monopoly power may impact TESCO and its expansion in the European Union in the near future. Economic considerations Intensive price competition between the large supermarkets Cost of products keep falling because of strengthening buying power Social Factors Organic foods and drink Consumers growing concerns about the organic food and drinks may influence in near future Customer concerns about GM food, allergies and additives With growing cautiousness and discontent about the GM food and use of allergic causing agents and additives in the manufacture of food may show impact Animal welfare policies Animal welfare policies which oppose the testing of the products on animals Environmental policies and practices Green peace workers and changing concerns about environmental issues. Technological Factors Radio Frequency identity technology in operation of its supply chain Use of RFID technology in its supply chain helps TESCO to efficiently carry its operations and maintain its position. Radio barcode Technology for tagging cases. Use of Radio barcode Technology to tag the cases and extending this technique to the entire chain by the end of 2007 will show an impact on operations in TESCO. Self-service checkout system SWOT Analysis IT is a commonly used tool .Its main purpose is to locate the organisation in its operating environment and try to assess its internal and external capabilities and vulnerabilities. SWOT stand for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths are internal and opportunities are environmental. Similarly weaknesses are internal and threats are environmental. The following is the SWOT analysis for TESCO Strengths These are the strengths of TESCO TESCO s Brand name Loyal customers Largest player in the retail sector Well established supply chain Excellent ware housing capability Largest online grocer Great store locations Skilled work force Club card scheme for enhancing customer loyalty. Weaknesses These are the weaknesses of TESCO Vast usage of fossil fuel in transport chain and super market heating systems Lack of integration between departments at certain times Opportunities These are the opportunities where TESCO can explore in future Improving customer relationships Real growth opportunity for grocery retailing in the newly enlarged European Union. Increasing sales through better integration of high street and internet resources Threats These are the threats that might affect TESCO in the future. High energy costs Increasing taxes on retail items Expansion of low cost supermarkets like LIDL. Recovering competitions like Sainsburys and Morrisons. A weakening economy An increase in unemployment PORTERS GENERIC STRATEGIES After establishing the strengths and weaknesses of the organisation and analysing the competitive environment, we have to establish the generic strategy of the organisation. No set of the strategic tools will be complete without a look at Michael porters generic strategies. Porter advocates, Gaining and maintaining competitive advantage The three generic strategies of Porter are Differentiation This is a strategy where the organisation offers a product or service which is unique compared with those of its competitors .This differentiation must be known to at least a segment of the market. Cost Leadership This is a strategy where the organisation enables itself to provide the products or services at a cost less than any other competitive organisation. It is the ability the organisation has to price below competitors if and when it needs so. Focus This is a strategy where the organisation targets its products or services at a given sector of the market with great accuracy and with a depth of capability and knowledge to support its position in the sector. In the retail sector with a very low profit margin the environment is hypercompetitive .TESCO being the largest player adopts the Cost Leadership strategy to challenge its competitors. TESCO has all the capabilities to adapt to this strategy. It develops its internal resources and its core competencies to support this strategy. In addition to these a number of generic strategies have emerged to define the modern organisation .The following is a list of the strategies. Reducing cost base Improving quality Getting closer to the customer Shorter cycle times Strategic partnerships Ability to change fast Of the above mentioned generic strategies, TESCO adopts the following: Reducing cost base To cut down the expenses and to increase productivity and efficiency, TESCO adopts this strategy to face the challenges of price war with its competitors, high property costs a and to provide value based products to the customers. Improving quality TESCO always concentrates on improving quality to rule the existing markets. It adopts new techniques and softwares both in the logistics and in-store operations to consistently serve the customers. Getting closer to the customer Customers are whimsical, customers are fickle, customers are not loyal. The ability to anticipate this fickleness is a strategic strength.TESCO understands this well and introduced club card schemes which helps TESCO to have millions of loyal customers. THE ANSOFF MATRIX This is a classic model in strategy building .Its main purpose is to analyse the organisations approaches to its products and to its market to ensure that an appropriate marketing strategy is being pursued .The following is the An off matrix for TESCO Current products New products Current markets Market penetration Improving services Improving quality Product development Expand own brands like The Finest and TESCO Value. Expansion into non-food sector Adding new products to the existing product line New markets Market development International expansion and globalisation Home shopping Developing small express stores Diversification New services Using the Ansoff matrix in conjunction with the BCG matrix, TESCO conducts a useful review of its strategy to achieve its vision. EVALUATION The BCG matrix The Boston Consulting Group matrix is a valuable tool .Its purpose is to analyse the organisations product portfolio. The definitions used in the BCG matrix are very precisely expressed in terms of the generation and use of cash. This makes this matrix a sharp-edged tool. the following are the definitions used in BCG matrix Stars These are the products that are performing well .They are generating positive cash and they usually require continuous update to maintain their market share. Problems These are the products which are not performing and not generating sufficient cash to maintain them in their markets. Cash cows These are the products which are performing well in markets which are growing slowly or are static. They are probably generating more money that can be profitably invested in them. Dogs They have low market share in markets which are growing slowly or are static. They may be consuming more resources to maintain their availability. They need quick decisions. The following is the BCG matrix for Tesco Market share High low Star On-line shopping Organic foods Loyalty cards Non-grocery items New services Problems On-line shopping with demographic analysis Home delivery of

Leadership Being a Change Manager

Leadership Being a Change Manager Abstract Ronald Heifetz has done wonders in the field of leadership his approach to leadership so compelling is that he is much honest about the demands of real leadership. the role of leadership is drastically changing, as the new responsibility is helping in facing the reality and mobilizes them to make change, but making such changes has not been easy. This is due to many challenges that future and current leaders are facing. For instance, the future leaders will be facing the challenges of adapting to the world of rapid change. This is so especially in Dubai, where the preservation of what is most important from the past while moving into the future is an everyday experience. To deal with such situations, future leaders need to focus on the cultural diversity, due to an increase in the significance of globalization, the future leaders the new leaders will need to appreciate cultural diversity. They also need to look at technological savvy as it will be the main competence for the global l eader of the future. Another area that future leaders need to focus on is the construction of partnerships, this is because The process of restructuring, reengineering as well as downsizing, are resulting to a world in which outsourcing of all except core practices might become the norm. The new blueprint models depend on the availability of proven best practices in the organization planning. They also defines the technology as well as the process design choices , which allows customers to jump-to start new efforts and extends their existing planning budgeting and focusing deployments across their organizations. There are several qualities that an effective future leader has to posses. Some of them include, being Charisma, Positive Attitude, Motivation, Honesty and Assertiveness. This paper also found that, there are many lessons that we can learn from the behaviors of the past leaders. For instance, there is so much hunger for leadership in business current. Every person wants leaders who are the best leaders; hence great leaders have to face the reality. In addition, we learn that, organizations have a remarkable tendency of underestimating their external threats, while overstating d their own powers. As a reason, it is very difficult for leaders to convince indivi duals face reality in life. The paper concluded that future leaders have no alternative other than becoming good change mangers. Introduction It has proved has proved to be much hard to imagine the future leader without looking at Ronald Heifetz, who is one of the worlds leading authorities on leadership. The goodness with Heifetz is that, his approach to leadership so compelling is that he is much honest about the demands of real leadership. It has been argued that, the role of leadership is drastically changing, as the new responsibility is helping in facing the reality and mobilizes them to make change. However, making change is much painful. Most individuals have smiling faces in view of what it means by leading, but get a rude awakening when they find themselves with a leadership opportunity. (William, 1999). The process of exercising leadership generates both pain and resistance; individuals get worried that, they might end up losing something that might be worthwhile. Areas That the New Leader Need To Focus On Cultural Diversity As there has been an increase in the significance of globalization, the future leaders the new leaders will need to appreciate cultural diversity. They will have to get acquainted themselves not only with the economic and legal differences, but also the social and behavioral differences that are also part of working globally. -it has been shown that respect for differences in people is one of the most important qualities of a successful global leader. (Marshall, 2005). It has been proved that, the development of culture understanding is termed as not only an obligation, but also as an opportunity. Appreciation of culture diversity includes all things that makes up culture, may it be small or big. For instance, few Americans working in the Middle East have taken their time to read the Koran. It is much clear that, religion is considered as being one of the significant variables that influences behaviors in the religion. Smaller issues like the meaning of gifts or the significance of t imeliness will need to be understood also. It has been noted that, the capability of motivating individuals in different cultures is becoming mostly significance. The motivation strategies that tend to be effective and efficient in one culture might not be effective in the other. Effective leaders, who happen to learn, appreciate and motivate their followers across cultural diversity, will be valuable resource in future. Technological Savvy High-potential leaders globally are consistently expressing the point that technological savvy will be the main competence for the global leader of the future. On trend on this issue is much clear, the younger the participants, the higher their reiteration on the technological savvy importance. Most of the young future leaders, have been brought up in an error of technology, and view it just as part and parcel of their life. Current leaders view technological savvy as a very important thing for staff individuals, but never for the line officers that run the business. With technological, future leaders will have to learn on how the intelligent use of new technologies will help their organizations, recruitment, development as well as maintaining a network of individuals who are technically competent, they also need to know the procedure of making and managing investments in new technologies. Last but not least, they need to be positive examples in the use of new technologies. All these are based on the fact that, in future, technology will become a critical factor that will tent to impact the companys core business. Building partnerships The construction of partnership along with alliances of all forms is looked upon as being very much important for the future than as it was in the past. Organizations that formed alliances in the past like IBM are forming alliances regularly today. This trend is projected to be far much significant in future. The process of restructuring, reengineering as well as downsizing, are resulting to a world in which outsourcing of all except core practices might become the norm. The capability of negotiating complex alliances and management of complex networks will be much significant in future. The changing responsibility of suppliers, customers along with partners has deeper implication for leaders. In the past, it was much clear on who the enemies or friends are, while in future this role is becoming blurred. In diversified field like telecommunication, similar organization might be the supplier as well as the customer, competitor or partner. New and Distinctive Challenges Faced By New Leader The second challenge is that, individuals might not be willing to be lead by the leader. Sometimes, this comes as a shock, but no one might be willing to work with the leader promotions and titles may confer grudging to0lerance and even a little bit more difference, but never credibility as well as real respect. Another problem is that, everyone might be having an agenda, but they might not be willing to share it. New leaders have a tendency of believing that, every person looks at business challenges, departmental objectives, and a long with the initiatives from the similar perspective with them. They need to learn on how to pay attention to their associates, so that they can be a position of understanding their unique agendas, motivation, interests, motivation along with their ambitions. The next thing is that, personal problems of their associates to become their problems. It has been proved that both new managers as well as experienced ones in most cases attract their mates personal problems to become their personal problems. It is true that, at times, they usually find themselves in the receiving end of [other individuals challenges in their private lives, with their health, their finances, among other dilemmas that individuals encounter. There are times that such leaders follow their instincts which might be wrong. Since they do have the authority to say, Is best left for your parenting chores and checked at the door when you enter the office. (McCarthy, 2009). In most cases, success comes when individuals leading the success are not the subject. It is much important for some individuals to realize individuals never change their nature. In most cases, new leaders make their weaknesses to be their focal point. Some times leaders take the responsibility of fixing the flaws of their associates. As an effect, they need to learn to leverage individuals strength, and develop groups whose members need to have complimentary skills. This will make one succeed beyond their wildest visions. Leaders tend to start off overly nit-picky; but Im sure Art would agree that there are times when weaknesses do have to be addressed. (McCarthy, 2009). Sometime new leaders are faced with the responsibilities of being a ware of over-investing their times with the wrong individuals. At every point, the managers will at the some time get to deal with the brilliant problem child employee, with the outstanding technical withstanding skills but fatal flaws concerning other people skills. Such like employees in one way or the other lack the emotional intelligence, for them to recognize their aberrant behaviors. As an effect, they rarely ever change, (Fullan, 2001). Blueprint for Dynamic Planning The blue print operational planning systems were designed to be highly flexible, where there are a variety of operations along with incidents are managed. The common traits of blueprints are that, they do have a scale have a scale for the size of the deliverables, as well as clear indications of the dimensions of any component elements displayed in the drawing. (McCarthy, 2009). In schematics, the scales might not be exact, however, the forms of elements that needs to be used as well as the nature of such elements tent to be expressed in details. They all have legends that explain the any of the unusual symbols which might be used for the representation of features in the drawing. In most cases, blueprint spans as many pages as possible, as they usually assist in the capture rendering s of the scheme deliverables from multiple angles and at different levels or details. The new blueprint models depend on the availability of proven best practices in the organization planning. They also defines the technology as well as the process design choices , which allows customers to jump-to start new efforts and extends their existing planning budgeting and focusing deployments across their organizations. It is true that, Cognos has recognized that, the process of planting is much more than just financial practices. This is something that ought to spread across the organization and be coordinated across many departments. On the other hand, giving appreciation to the fact, and giving support to it in principle in the planning software is just considered as being one thing, while supporting it in practice is just another practice. In Cognos, blue print helps in the users to adopt such like practices relatively easily. The current initiative planning blueprint covers both capital and labor initiatives. Multiple phased project planning has been addressed in the blueprint for the undertakings that seem to be capital intensive like adding new manufacturing capacity, along with labor initiatives like the implementation of large labor intensive projects. The blueprint schemes having strategic long range planning, in most cases assists firms in assessing the influence of market growth assumptions. Major initiatives such as new IT infrastructure, (McCarthy, 2009). Can be far much essential components for the growth of revenue, as well as increasing productivity. The management of complex financial in most cases, blueprint provides Leadership Qualities Charisma There are different skills that develop leadership qualities that the current and future generation leaders ought to have. The bellow mentioned qualities are far much vital for effective leadership. One of them is being charisma. There have been charisma leaders, who are still being honored for their passionate movements towards equality. For instance, Martin Luther kings I have a dream speech still impacts current peoples. Charisma lessons impact individuals through speeches as they reiterate on the radiation of personalities due to their expressive words in their fight against inequalities. There speeches need not to have the gift of touching individuals through their word choice. Leaders who tent to be charisma tent to be alluring, charming, as well as encouraging their followers to support a grand vision, (Tuia, 2008). Positive Attitude Current and future generation leaders need to posses positive attitudes, as they have the responsibility of influencing their future and current followers. Leaders in some companies like in BMW are viewed upon as role models to their employees and to the coming generation. In one way or the other, employees become very much dependent of leaders, due to the fact that, they are their vehicles to their employment world, and provide much needed help as well as the assistance. If the manger provides a positive learning experience to employees, they will then tent to drive this encouragement, and will succeed and become contagious. In general, under any condition, the positive attitude of leaders will always have a greater impact as well as the influence on their followers. Motivation Fin most cases, motivation leaders are trainers, however, they might also be managers. Though the aims and targets of employees or even players is a good determinant of prosperity in an organization, the motivating qualities of their leader is also of much significance. The motivation of a leader involves infusing their followers with high standards, as well as setting challenging but attainable targets and goals, as they continue performing well. As a result, the motivation capabilities of a leader enhance his followers performances. In addition, motivation also correlates with possessing positive attitude. The presence of positive attitude provides positive environment for the followers, who then fill much motivated to move to the leaders direction, where ultimate success can be attained. Assertiveness Current and future leaders are charged with the responsibility of guiding the direction of his or her company. Companies need firm and assertive leaders, who have the ability to delegate the work to their subordinates, as this will make them earn respect to follow through on their assignments. Assertive leaders have the ability to convey enforcements without being too autocratic to their followers. Din addition, assertive leaders never make their followers feel they are in a hostile environment; instead, they will respect their people, and at the same time demanding proper accountability. Since, leaders assertiveness and confidence earns respect, their followers tent to follow, emulate and help their leaders to achieve success, (Leithwood, 2005). Honesty Both current and future leaders need to be honest, as this is the sign of good leaders towards their work as well as employees. They ought to be honest to themselves as well. They should never loose integrity whatsoever the circumstance, as they will never be considered reliable and worthy following. Other qualities that current and future leaders need to look at include; patience, focus, dedication consistency, as well as effective communication, (Tuia, 2008). Lessons from Past Leadership Behaviors There is hunger for leadership in the business organization The past leaders have shown that, real heroism of leadership involves having courage to face the reality, as well as helping individuals close to face reality. The term vision in business means something that is abstract, But the quality of any vision depends on its accuracy, not just on its appeal or on how imaginative it is. (William, 1999) To muster the courage to face reality and interrogate it is the main function of a leader. Leaders do not get into the act of answering the questions like what values does the organization stand for? What are the organizations talent and skills?, this is because, it forms the old definition of leadership. This teaches that, the leader needs to have vision, answers and everything else is just a sales job to urge individuals to sign up for it. It is the responsibility of leaders to provide directions. In attaining these, they ought to structure questions well, other than offering definitive answers. There are differences between behaviors of leade rs who operates under the idea that, being a leader means impacting the organization to follow leaders direction, and those who think that, leadership means influencing the organization to face its problems and to live into its opportunities. (William, 1999). The second though, enables individuals in an organization to deal with tough challenges. And the lesson is, this is the new definition of leadership job. It Is Hard To Convince Individuals to Face the Reality Organizations are allergic to conflicts, especially organizations that have been under operation for a long period of time. This is based on the fact that, conflicts are much dangerous, as they may damage the relations, threaten friendships, but they also engineer innovation and creativity. Old behaviors have taught that, individuals never learn by looking at the mirror, but when encountered with a difficult condition. With this in mind, future and current leaders need to have the power of dealing with conflicts along with uncertainties. They need to have experimental mind-set. It is true that, there are some decisions that will work, but other might not. Just as like, there will be projects that will pay, while others will not. However, every decision and every project will provide lessons don how the world is changing, and how the organization compares with its competitors. This means that, facing the reality implies, dealing with mistakes and failures, especially our own failures in the organization. For instance, in 1990s, Bill Gates made a big decision about the internet, as he decided that, the net was not going to be such important, but later changed his decision after those who advised him contradicted the decision. How We Should Help Individuals Keep Their Bearings It is true that, not everything is subject to change, if the leader is obligated to help individuals face the reality, and mobilize them to make changes, Which values and operations are so central to our core that if we lose them, we lose ourselves? (William, 1999). The leaders at the highest level are supposed to lead conversations about what is important and what is not. For instance, it was very difficult for Lew Platt, who was the Hewlett-Packed CEO, to lead conversation about breaking up of his company, and about leaving the HP name, together with computer business other than with the test-and business of measurement, where they started. How Leaders Do Listen Most leaders in the past used do die with their mouth open, this teaches us that, leaders have to know how they listen, but listening is more subtle than how most individuals think. But first, and just as important, leaders must want to listen. (William, 1999). Good listening is engineered by curiosity along with empathy. Conclusion It is now obvious that, future leaders have no alternative other than becoming good change mangers. Markets have changed, conditions have also changed, as well; the business plans have undergone some changes. It is the choice of future and current leaders to either make a change a proactive decision or reactive compulsion. These leaders are obligated to shape today and tomorrow, it is not a definite time to start feeling sorry about tough circumstances, but is is an opportunity as well as a new day.